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Z39.4-1984: American national standard for library and information sciences and related publishing practices : Basic criteria for indexes (1984) 0.12

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Editor: American National Standards Institute
Imprint: New York : American National Standards Institute

BS 3700: Recommendations for preparing indexes to books, periodicals and other documents (1988) 0.05

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Editor: British Standards Institution
Imprint: London : British Standards Institution

ISO 8824: Information processing systems - open systems interconnection : specifications for abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) (1987) 0.04

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Editor: International Organization for Standardization

ISO 8825: Information processing systems - open systems interconnection : specifications of basic encoding rules for abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) (1987) 0.04

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Editor: International Organization for Standardization

Thomas, D.: Book indexing principles and standards (1989) 0.03

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Bennion, B.C.: Performance testing of a book and its index as an information retrieval system (1980) 0.01

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Source: Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 31(1980), S.264-270

Bernier, C.L.: Subject indexes (1980) 0.01

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Source: Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.29

Craven, T.C.: Changing technologies: impact on information: the case of string indexing (1985) 0.01

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Keitz, W. von: Automatic indexing and the dissemination of information (1986) 0.01

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Craven, T. C.: String indexing (1986) 0.00

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Footnote: Rez. in: International classification 15(1988) S.103-104 (W. Gödert); Journal of the American Society for Information Science (1988) S.435 (J.D. Anderson); Journal of documentation 43(1987) S. (R.F. Guy); Cataloging & classification quarterly 8(1987) S.140-141 (M.A. Kascus)

Luhn, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature (1985) 0.00
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```
Abstract

In the optimistic 1960s the potential of the computer seemed limitless. The realization of this potential in the area of information retrieval and dissemination owes much to the creative mind of Hans Peter Luhn. A pioneer of information science, he had a mind and an imagination that could transcend the state of the art. Luhn was born in Germany, where he studied technology, physics, and accounting. He came to the United States in 1924 and in 1941, at the age of 45, he joined IBM. In the course of his twenty-year tenure at IBM, he was issued over eighty patents; at one time he held more than any other IBM employee. Luhn is credited with originating KWIC indexes, computer selective dissemination systems (SDI), computer coding schemes, and statistical techniques for automatic indexing and abstracting. Also attributed to him is the first modern use of the word "thesaurus." The selection that follows modestly presents the idea of a Keyword in Context (KWIC) index. This is the idea of automatically identifying significant or "key" words and highlighting them in context. The context in question was normally a title. Though title term or catchword indexing had been practiced for over one hundred years, the implementation of the idea in mechanized systems in the 1960s was not trivial. It required programming the computer to recognize word boundaries and then developing a means for automatically differentiating significant from nonsignificant words. Spaces were used to demarcate word boundaries and a stop list, consisting of articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, some adjectives, and some very common words, was used to differentiate significant from nonsignificant words. A difficulty with any automatic indexing limited to extracting single words from texts is the semantic indeterminancy of the extracted character strings. To disambiguate these, Luhn adopted the concordance idea, proposing to display them in the context of their titles. Specifying the meaning of an index term by couching it in "context," anticipated the later development of string index languages such as PRECIS (PREserved Context Index System). Although the selection that follows is quite short, it presents, in addition to the idea of KWIC, what at the time were two innovative ideas. One is the distinction between the dissemination and the retrieval of information, in regard to which Luhn makes a point sometimes overlooked by modern critics of KWIC. This is that different purposes require different kinds of indexes; an index that is used to disseminate information for current awareness need not be as "perfect" as one used for retrospective information retrieval. The need to alert researchers to current information quickly, and the somewhat transitory character of this information, make KWIC, albeit quick and dirty, a costeffective alternative for dissemination indexes. The second harbinger idea is a method of uniquely identifying documents for retrieval using an identification code comprising the initial characters from a document's author, title, and - interestingly - year of publication. Luhn's mind was fertile indeed and he is aptly called a pioneer of information science.

Craven, T.C.: Adapting of string indexing systems for retrieval using proximity operators (1988) 0.00

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Source: Information processing and management. 24(1988), S.133-140

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