-
Borgman, C.L.: Multi-media, multi-cultural, and multi-lingual digital libraries : or how do we exchange data In 400 languages? (1997)
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- Abstract
- The Internet would not be very useful if communication were limited to textual exchanges between speakers of English located in the United States. Rather, its value lies in its ability to enable people from multiple nations, speaking multiple languages, to employ multiple media in interacting with each other. While computer networks broke through national boundaries long ago, they remain much more effective for textual communication than for exchanges of sound, images, or mixed media -- and more effective for communication in English than for exchanges in most other languages, much less interactions involving multiple languages. Supporting searching and display in multiple languages is an increasingly important issue for all digital libraries accessible on the Internet. Even if a digital library contains materials in only one language, the content needs to be searchable and displayable on computers in countries speaking other languages. We need to exchange data between digital libraries, whether in a single language or in multiple languages. Data exchanges may be large batch updates or interactive hyperlinks. In any of these cases, character sets must be represented in a consistent manner if exchanges are to succeed. Issues of interoperability, portability, and data exchange related to multi-lingual character sets have received surprisingly little attention in the digital library community or in discussions of standards for information infrastructure, except in Europe. The landmark collection of papers on Standards Policy for Information Infrastructure, for example, contains no discussion of multi-lingual issues except for a passing reference to the Unicode standard. The goal of this short essay is to draw attention to the multi-lingual issues involved in designing digital libraries accessible on the Internet. Many of the multi-lingual design issues parallel those of multi-media digital libraries, a topic more familiar to most readers of D-Lib Magazine. This essay draws examples from multi-media DLs to illustrate some of the urgent design challenges in creating a globally distributed network serving people who speak many languages other than English. First we introduce some general issues of medium, culture, and language, then discuss the design challenges in the transition from local to global systems, lastly addressing technical matters. The technical issues involve the choice of character sets to represent languages, similar to the choices made in representing images or sound. However, the scale of the language problem is far greater. Standards for multi-media representation are being adopted fairly rapidly, in parallel with the availability of multi-media content in electronic form. By contrast, we have hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of years worth of textual materials in hundreds of languages, created long before data encoding standards existed. Textual content from past and present is being encoded in language and application-specific representations that are difficult to exchange without losing data -- if they exchange at all. We illustrate the multi-language DL challenge with examples drawn from the research library community, which typically handles collections of materials in 400 or so languages. These are problems faced not only by developers of digital libraries, but by those who develop and manage any communication technology that crosses national or linguistic boundaries.
- Theme
- Information Gateway
-
Davis, M.; Dunning, T.: ¬A TREC evaluation of query translation methods for multi-lingual text retrieval (1996)
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- Imprint
- Gaithersburgh, MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology
-
Davis, M.: New experiments in cross-language text retrieval at NMSU's computing research lab (1997)
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- Imprint
- Gaithersburgh, MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology
-
Aguilar-Amat, A.; Parra, J.; Piqué, R.: Logical organization of information at BACO : a knowledge multilingual database for translation purposes (1996)
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-
Kutschekmanesch, S.; Lutes, B.; Moelle, K.; Thiel, U.; Tzeras, K.: Automated multilingual indexing : a synthesis of rule-based and thesaurus-based methods (1998)
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- Source
- Information und Märkte: 50. Deutscher Dokumentartag 1998, Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation e.V. (DGD), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 22.-24. September 1998. Hrsg. von Marlies Ockenfeld u. Gerhard J. Mantwill
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Schubert, K.: Parameters for the design of an intermediate language for multilingual thesauri (1995)
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- Source
- Knowledge organization. 22(1995) nos.3/4, S.136-140
-
Soergel, D.: SemWeb: proposal for an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology (1996)
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- Abstract
- Presents a proposal for the long-range development of an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to many kinds of knowledge about concepts and terminology. The system would draw on existing knowledge bases that are accessible through the Internet or on CD-ROM and on a common integrated distributed knowledge base that would grow incrementally over time. Existing knowledge bases would be accessed througha common interface that would search several knowledge bases, collate the data into a common format, and present them to the user. The common integrated distributed knowldge base would provide an environment in which many contributors could carry out classification and terminological projects more efficiently, with the results available in a common format. Over time, data from other knowledge bases could be incorporated into the common knowledge base, either by actual transfer (provided the knowledge base producers are willing) or by reference through a link. Either way, such incorporation requires intellectual work but allows for tighter integration than common interface access to multiple knowledge bases. Each piece of information in the common knowledge base will have all its sources attached, providing an acknowledgment mechanism that gives due credit to all contributors. The whole system would be designed to be usable by many levels of users for improved information exchange.
- Series
- Advances in knowledge organization; vol.5
- Source
- Knowledge organization and change: Proceedings of the Fourth International ISKO Conference, 15-18 July 1996, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Ed.: R. Green
-
Hug, H.: Walser, M. : Retrieval in the ETH database using the UDC (1991)
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- Series
- Advances in knowledge organization; Vol.2
- Source
- Tools for knowledge organization and the human interface. Proc. 1st Int. ISKO-Conf., Darmstadt, 14.-17.8.1990. Ed. R. Fugmann. Vol.2
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Soergel, D.: SemWeb: Proposal for an Open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology : exploration and development of the concept (1996)
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- Abstract
- This paper presents a proposal for the long-range development of an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to many kinds of knowledge about concepts and terminology. The system would draw on existing knowledge bases that are accessible through the Internet or on CD-ROM an on a common integrated distributed knowledge base that would grow incrementally over time. Existing knowledge bases would be accessed through a common interface that would search several knowledge bases, collate the data into a common format, and present them to the user. The common integrated distributed knowledge base would provide an environment in which many contributors could carry out classification and terminological projects more efficiently, with the results available in a common format. Over time, data from other knowledge bases could be incorporated into the common knowledge base, either by actual transfer (provided the knowledge base producers are willing) or by reference through a link. Either way, such incorporation requires intellectual work but allows for tighter integration than common interface access to multiple knowledge bases. Each piece of information in the common knowledge base will have all its sources attached, providing an acknowledgment mechanism that gives due credit to all contributors. The whole system woul be designed to be usable by many levels of users for improved information exchange.
- Content
- Expanded version of a paper published in Advances in Knowledge Organization v.5 (1996): 165-173 (4th Annual ISKO Conference, Washington, D.C., 1996 July 15-18): SemWeb: proposal for an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology.
-
Weihs, J.: Three tales of multilingual cataloguing (1998)
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- Date
- 2. 8.2001 8:55:22
-
Grefenstette, G.: ¬The problem of cross-language information retrieval (1998)
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- Series
- The Kluwer International series on information retrieval
- Source
- Cross-language information retrieval. Ed.: G. Grefenstette
-
Ballesteros, L.; Croft, W.B.: Statistical methods for cross-language information retrieval (1998)
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- Series
- The Kluwer International series on information retrieval
- Source
- Cross-language information retrieval. Ed.: G. Grefenstette
-
Picchi, E.; Peters, C.: Cross-language information retrieval : a system for comparable corpus querying (1998)
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- Series
- The Kluwer International series on information retrieval
- Source
- Cross-language information retrieval. Ed.: G. Grefenstette
-
Yamabana, K.; Muraki, K.; Doi, S.; Kamei, S.: ¬A language conversion front-end for cross-language information retrieval (1998)
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- Series
- The Kluwer International series on information retrieval
- Source
- Cross-language information retrieval. Ed.: G. Grefenstette
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Oard, D.W.; Resnik, P.: Support for interactive document selection in cross-language information retrieval (1999)
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- Information processing and management. 35(1999) no.3, S.363-379
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Oard, D.W.; Diekema, A.R.: Cross-language information retrieval (1999)
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- Annual review of information science and technology. 33(1998), S.223-255
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Hull, D.A.; Grefenstette, G.: Querying across languages : a dictionary-based approach to multilingual information retrieval (1996)
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- Footnote
- Wiederabgedruckt in: Readings in information retrieval. Ed.: K. Sparck Jones u. P. Willett. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann 1997. S.484-492
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- Proceedings of the 19th annual international conference on research and development in information retrieval. Ed.: H.P. Frei
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Maurice, N.: Terminologie et information multilingue : aperçu des problèmes posés et recherche de solutions (1997)
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- Footnote
- Übers. d. Titels: Terminology and multilingual information: ovberview of problems and search for solutions
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Sheridan, P.; Ballerini, J.P.; Schäuble, P.: Building a large multilingual test collection from comparable news documents (1998)
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- Series
- The Kluwer International series on information retrieval
- Source
- Cross-language information retrieval. Ed.: G. Grefenstette
-
Davis, M.W.: On the effective use of large parallel corpora in cross-language text retrieval (1998)
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- The Kluwer International series on information retrieval
- Source
- Cross-language information retrieval. Ed.: G. Grefenstette
