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Date

22. 7.2007 12:05:26
22. 7.2007 12:08:24

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Abstract

Ergebnis einer Umfrage aus dem Frühjahr 1993. A. Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken: Versandt wurde der Fragebogen an die Mitglieder der Sektion IV des DBV. Fragen: (1a) Um welchen Bestand handelt es sich, der sachlich erschlossen wird? (1b) Wie groß ist dieser Bestand? (1c) Wird dieser Bestand vollständig oder nur in Auswahl (einzelne Fächer, Lehrbücher, Dissertationen o.ä.) sachlich erschlossen? (1d) Seit wann bestehen die jetzigen Sachkataloge? (2) Auf welche Art wird der Bestand zur Zeit sachlich erschlossen? (3a) Welche Klassifikation wird angewendet? (3b) Gibt es alphabetisches SyK-Register bzw. einen Zugriff auf die Klassenbeschreibungen? (3c) Gibt es ergänzende Schlüssel für die Aspekte Ort, Zeit, Form? (4) Falls Sie einen SWK führen (a) nach welchem Regelwerk? (b) Gibt es ein genormtes Vokabular oder einen Thesaurus (ggf. nur für bestimmte Fächer)? (5) In welcher Form existieren die Sachkataloge? (6) Ist die Bibliothek an einer kooperativen Sacherschließung, z.B. in einem Verbund beteiligt? [Nein: 79%] (7) Nutzen Sie Fremdleistungen bei der Sacherschließung? [Ja: 46%] (8) Welche sachlichen Suchmöglichkeiten gibt es für Benutzer? (9) Sind zukünftige Veränderungen bei der Sacherschließung geplant? [Ja: 73%]. - B. Öffentliche Bibliotheken: Die Umfrage richtete sich an alle ÖBs der Sektionen I, II und III des DBV. Fragen: (1) Welche Sachkataloge führen Sie? (2) Welche Klassifikationen (Systematiken) liegen dem SyK zugrunde? [ASB: 242; KAB: 333; SfB: 4 (???); SSD: 11; Berliner: 18] (3) Führen Sie ein eigenes Schlagwort-Register zum SyK bzw. zur Klassifikation (Systematik)? (4) Führen Sie den SWK nach ...? [RSWK: 132 (= ca. 60%) anderen Regeln: 93] (5) Seit wann bestehen die jetzigen Sachkataloge? (6) In welcher Form existiern die Sachkataloge? (7) In welchem Umfang wird der Bestand erschlossen? (8) Welche Signaturen verwenden Sie? (9) Ist die Bibliothek an einer kooperativen Sacherschließung, z.B. einem Verbund, beteiligt? [Nein: 96%] (10) Nutzen Sie Fremdleistungen bei der Sacherschließung? [Ja: 70%] (11) Woher beziehen Sie diese Fremdleistungen? (12) Verfügen Sie über ein Online-Katalogsystem mit OPAC? [Ja: 78; Nein: 614] (13) Sind zukünftig Veränderungen bei der Sacherschließung geplant? [Nein: 458; Ja: 237]; RESÜMEE für ÖB: "(i) Einführung von EDV-Katalogen bleibt auch in den 90er Jahren ein Thema, (ii) Der Aufbau von SWK wird in vielen Bibliotheken in Angriff genommen, dabei spielt die Fremddatenübernahme eine entscheidende Rolle, (iii) RSWK werden zunehmend angewandt, Nutzung der SWD auch für andere Regeln wirkt normierend, (iv) Große Bewegung auf dem 'Systematik-Markt' ist in absehbarer Zeit nicht zu erwarten, (v) Für kleinere Bibliotheken wird der Zettelkatalog auf absehbare Zeit noch die herrschende Katalogform sein, (vi) Der erhebliche Nachholbedarf in den neuen Bundesländern wird nur in einem größeren Zeitraum zu leisten sein. ??? SPEZIALBIBIOTHEKEN ???

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Date

29. 7.2006 20:06:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: Journal of librarianship and information science. 29(1997) no.1, S.47-48 (P. Hoare)

Imprint

Champaign, IL : Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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Abstract

This book offers a comprehensive guide to the world of metadata, from its origins in the ancient cities of the Middle East, to the Semantic Web of today. The author takes us on a journey through the centuries-old history of metadata up to the modern world of crowdsourcing and Google, showing how metadata works and what it is made of. The author explores how it has been used ideologically and how it can never be objective. He argues how central it is to human cultures and the way they develop. Metadata: Shaping Knowledge from Antiquity to the Semantic Web is for all readers with an interest in how we humans organize our knowledge and why this is important. It is suitable for those new to the subject as well as those know its basics. It also makes an excellent introduction for students of information science and librarianship.

LCSH

Computer science
Library science
Computer applications in arts and humanities
Popular computer science

Subject

Computer science
Library science
Computer applications in arts and humanities
Popular computer science

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Abstract

A method is outlined which would permit a large number of libraries of all types to use centralised cataloguing facilities without the need for their own automatic data processing equipment and outlay. The method is seen as an alternative to the OCLC on-line data bank, and permits the ordering of printed catalogue cards by machine-readable but hand-prepared data cards, such as the loan cards which readers at the Münster library are at present required to complete. The proposed sequence of ordering is set out in 11 stages

Source

Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 22(1975) H.5, S.387-390

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Abstract

The traditional library and information science (LIS) curriculum for organization of information assumes a cataloging paradigm that is built on the concepts and theories developed throughout the history of library cataloging as well as practical knowledge and skills of applying current standards and systems developed specifically for practice in cataloging. Advocates for LIS curriculum reform point out, however, that this cataloging paradigm must be replaced by knowledge of resources and systems management in order to equip LIS graduates with the knowledge and skills needed for an information society. By comparing the traditional and nontraditional curricula in the area of organization of information, this paper proposes a paradigm for organization of information in which information is defined in the context of five attributes and cataloging is perceived as a mode of organizational behavior. Some implications of this paradigm on the core curriculum for organization of information are suggested

Source

Journal of education for library and information science. 34(1993) no.2, S.113-126

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

Footnote

Original in: Pettee, J.: The history and theory of the alphabetical subject approach to books. New York: Wilson 1946. S.22-25.

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Abstract

"Krajewski draws on recent German media theory and on a rich array of European and American sources in this thought-provoking account of the index card as a tool of information management. In investigating the road from the slips of paper of the 16th century to the data processing of the 20th, Krajewski highlights its twists and turns--failures and unintended consequences, reinventions, and surprising transfers."--Ann M. Blair, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, Harvard University, and author of Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age -- Ann Blair "This is a fascinating, original, continuously surprising, and meticulously researched study of the long history of the emergence of card systems for organizing not only libraries but business activities in Europe and the United States. It is particularly important for English language readers due to its European perspective and the extraordinary range of German and other resources on which it draws." --W. Boyd Rayward, Professor Emeritus, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign -- W. Boyd Rayward "Markus Krajewski has done the history of cataloguing and the history of information management a considerable service: I recommend it highly." -- Professor Tom Wilson, Editor-in-Chief, Information Research

Footnote

Rez. in JASIST 64(2013) no.2, S.431-432 (A. Black)

Series

History and foundations of information science

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Abstract

This article discusses cataloging and classification history in Mexico and how cataloging and classification have evolved according to the changes that libraries and library science have experienced on both a national and international level. The first part of the article refers to the first half of the twentieth century, detailing the origins of cataloging and classification history. The second part presents discussion of the development and consolidation of both cataloging and classification during the second half of the twentieth century. The article also discusses subject headings, automation, centralization, and union catalogs in Mexico. It discusses past difficulties in creating a union catalog at a national level and the advantages of automated systems in helping to develop this needed union catalog. The article discusses the need to resume publication of the Bibliografía Mexicana. One of the main problems that Mexican libraries have faced is a scarcity of librarians adequately prepared to perform cataloging and classification of their collections. This lack of librarians is even more acute in the Mexican states. There are insufficient numbers of students in library schools to provide the staffing that libraries demand not only for cataloguing and classification but also for many other library activities.

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Abstract

An overview of the FRBR model, and how it can improve access to information through the helpful organization of metadata records. What is FRBR, and why is everyone talking about it? Is it really going to revolutionize cataloguing? And if so, what form will it take? This book is written for librarians, bibliographic systems designers, library and information science faculty and students, and anyone else who is interested in learning about the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and how following the FRBR model can improve access to information through helpful organization of the metadata records that are surrogates for information resources. Serials, art, music, moving images, maps, and archival materials are just a few of the formats covered. Not for catalogers only!

Footnote

Resonanz: "Arlene Taylor and her compadres don't even try to teach you how to construct a hierarchical record. Instead, they direct their efforts toward showcasing what's possible when digital technology and traditional cataloging practice meet. This is the future of cataloging." - Library Media Connection "The emergence of this textbook is testimony to the breadth and depth of work done to date. It documents much of that work, and provides a good basic introduction to FRBR that is broadly understandable... The relational concepts within FRBR are complicated and can be challenging. This book does a good job of illuminating them in a straightforward manner. It also describes how the application of the FRBR concepts could improve our systems of bibliographic access in very specific ways... For those of us that really want or need to be able to predict the impact that FRBR will have on our work, this is an accessible explanation of the current state of the art. As such it is a real contribution to our understanding." - TechKNOW "Understanding FRBR... features chapters contributed by leading authorities in the cataloging field... It offers a basic introduction to FRBR, discussions about FRBR, FRAD (functional requirements for authority data), and RDA (resource description and access), and the issues involved in using FRBR in nontraditional library settings such as with cartographic materials and music. Both books are well illustrated and include numerous bibliographical resources.' [Reviewed in conjuntion with FRBR: A Guide for the Perplexed]." - Library Journal "Taylor and her contributors cover FRBR and introduce the reader to FRAD as well... All chapters conclude with current and useful references to further reading and more information." - Booklist "Understanding FRBR is clearly written, well illustrated (many of the concepts are clarified by very helpful diagrams), and well indexed; additionally, chapters feature extensive bibliographies, many of which provide URLs to the IFLA groups' documents. While it may seem that this book is of interest only to catalogers, the application of FRBR will change the structure of catalog and the systems used to store and display it; therefore, it is an important text for systems librarians, reference librarians, and anybody else interested in the future of the organization and display of bibliographic information." - College & Research Libraries "Understanding FRBR is a useful and timely book that brings together recent developments in FRBR and offers several assessments of it." - Technicalities "No cataloguer, bibliographic systems designer or library and information science lecturers and students should be without this book. It is a useful resource in acquiring an understanding of what FRBR is about and how it will change the way in which cataloguers will think about cataloguing in future." - The Electronic Library

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Abstract

Er plante ein mechanisches Gehirn und kabellose Kommunikation: Der belgische Bibliothekar Paul Otlet entwarf Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts die erste Suchmaschine der Welt - lange vor Computern und Internet. Warum gerieten seine revolutionären Ideen in Vergessenheit?

Content

"Die erste Suchmaschine der Welt ist aus Holz und Papier gebaut. Mannshohe, dunkelbraune Schränke reihen sich aneinander, darin Zettelkästen mit Karteikarten. "Sechzehn Millionen Karteikarten", sagt Jaques Gillen und legt die Hand auf den Griff eines Schrankes. Gillen ist Archivar im Mundaneum - der Institution, die diesen gigantischen Katalog in den zwanziger Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts betrieb. Anfragen gingen per Brief oder Telegramm in Brüssel ein, bis zu 1500 im Jahr. Antworten wurden per Hand herausgesucht, das konnte Wochen dauern. Ein Papier-Google, entwickelt Jahrzehnte vor dem Internet, ohne Computer. Erfinder des Mundaneums war der belgische Bibliothekar Paul Otlet. Der gelernte Jurist aus bürgerlichem Hause wollte das Wissen der Welt kartografieren und in Holzschränken aufbewahren. Seine Vision: Das Mundaneum sollte alle Bücher erfassen, die jemals erschienen sind - und sie über ein eigens entwickeltes Archivsystem miteinander verbinden. Archivar Gillen fischt eine Karteikarte aus einem Kasten. Aus dem Zahlenwirrwarr darauf kann er dutzende Informationen über das Buch, auf das verwiesen wird, ablesen. Mit seinem Archivsystem, darin sind sich viele Forscher heute einig, hat Otlet praktisch schon um die Jahrhundertwende den Hypertext erfunden - das Netz von Verknüpfungen, die uns heute durch das Internet navigieren. "Man könnte Otlet als einen Vordenker des Internets bezeichnen", sagt Gillen und steckt die Karteikarte zurück.
Karteikästen, Telefone, Multimedia-Möbel 1934 entwickelte Otlet die Idee eines weltweiten Wissens-"Netzes". Er versuchte, kaum dass Radio und Fernsehen erfunden waren, Multimedia-Konzepte zu entwickeln, um die Kooperationsmöglichkeiten für Forscher zu verbessern. Otlet zerbrach sich den Kopf darüber, wie Wissen über große Distanzen zugänglich gemacht werden kann. Er entwickelte Multimedia-Arbeitsmöbel, die mit Karteikästen, Telefonen und anderen Features das versuchten, was heute an jedem Rechner möglich ist. Auch ohne die Hilfe elektronischer Datenverarbeitung entwickelte er Ideen, deren Umsetzung wir heute unter Begriffen wie Web 2.0 oder Wikipedia kennen. Trotzdem sind sein Name und seine Arbeit heute weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten. Als Vordenker von Hypertext und Internet gelten die US-Amerikaner Vannevar Bush, Ted Nelson und Douglas Engelbart. Die Überbleibsel der Mundaneum-Sammlung vermoderten jahrzehntelang auf halb verfallenen Dachböden.
Praktischere Medien sollen Bücher ersetzen Dabei was das Mundaneum im frühen 20. Jahrhundert zunächst eine schillernde Erfolgsgeschichte. An dem Projekt hatten Otlet und sein Mitstreiter, der spätere Friedensnobelpreisträger Henri La Fontaine, schon seit 1895 gearbeitet. 1920 öffnete das Mundaneum in einem Prunkbau im Herzen von Brüssel seine Türen - eine Mischung aus Besuchermuseum und Gelehrtentreff, mit einem gigantischen Wissenskatalog und Archiv. Darin wurden nicht nur Bücher erfasst, sondern auch zahllose Zeitungen, Poster, über 200.000 Postkarten sowie Ausstellungsstücke, von Flugzeugen bis zu Telefonen. Riesige Materialmengen, an denen sich das Projekt schon bald zu verschlucken drohte. Doch Otlet und seine Mitstreiter hatten eine Mission: Sie waren davon überzeugt, dass die globale Verbreitung von Wissen den Frieden fördern könne. Auch darum gab es einen engen Austausch mit anderen Forschungseinrichtungen im Ausland. Parallel zu dieser Sammelwut arbeitete Otlet an neuen Ideen für das papierlose Verbreiten von Wissen. Bücher waren für ihn nicht mehr als "Container für Ideen", die durch praktischere Medien ersetzt werden könnten. Durch Grafiken und Schaubilder zum Beispiel, von denen er selbst zahllose anfertigte. Platzsparend, weil man sie auf Mikrofilm bannen konnte. International verständlich. Mit Ton und Film wollte er Informationen schneller, einfacher und weiter transportieren.
"Ein universelles Netzwerk, das die Verbreitung von Wissen erlaubt." In seinem 400 Seiten dicken Buch "Traité de documentation" sammelte er all diese Ideen. Er skizzierte eine wissenschaftliche Konferenz, die per Telefon übertragen werden sollte und spann die Idee weiter - warum nicht auch mit Bildübertragung? "Radiotelefotografie"! Grammophone sollten gesprochene Informationen archivierbar und reproduzierbar machen. "Kürzlich haben wir einen Text aus dem Jahr 1907 gefunden, in dem er von einem mobilen Telefon spricht", sagt der Archivar Gillen, während er behutsam die dünnen Original-Skizzen Otlets von all diesen Visionen wieder einpackt. Besonders das neue Medium Radio faszinierte Otlet - ermöglichte es doch, Informationen kabellos über weite Strecken zu versenden und dabei beliebig viele Empfänger zu erreichen. Für ihn ein kleiner Schritt zu seinem Traum, den er 1934 formulierte: einem "universellen Netzwerk, das die Verbreitung von Wissen ohne Beschränkung erlaubt." Jeder Mensch würde "im Sessel" auf den aktuellen Stand des Weltwissens zugreifen können, "applaudieren, Ovationen geben und im Chor singen." Alle weltweiten Entwicklungen würden aufgezeichnet werden, sobald sie entstünden: "So entsteht ein bewegliches Bild der Welt - ihr Gedächtnis, ihr wahres Duplikat." Ein "mechanisches, kollektives Gehirn".
Die Regierung strich 1934 die Subventionen, das Mundaneum schloss Parallel zu diesen visionären Gedanken erlebte Otlets Mundaneum einen herben Rückschlag. Es musste 1934 schließen, nachdem seine Geldgeber aus der belgischen Regierung das Interesse an dem Projekt verloren hatten. Als 1940 die Nazis in Brüssel einmarschierten, entfernten sie die Sammlung aus dem zentralen "Palais Mondial", um dort Nazi-Kunst auszustellen. Otlets Vision vom Frieden durch Wissen war gescheitert, er starb 1944 verarmt und verbittert. Erst 1968 entdeckte der amerikanische Forscher W. Boyd Rayward Teile der Sammlung wieder, begann zu forschen und engagierte sich so lange, bis das Mundaneum 1998 wiedereröffnet wurde. Ein paar Nummern kleiner und im Provinzstädtchen Mons, etwa 30 Kilometer von Brüssel entfernt. Dort sortieren Archivar Gillen und seine Kollegen bis heute die Masse von Dokumenten. Sechs Kilometer Archivmaterial. Über 60 Jahre nach seinem Tod sind viele Ideen Otlets Wirklichkeit geworden. Und Forscher wie Netzexperten interessieren sich für seine Überlegungen zum "mechanischen Gehirn". Seine Vorstellung vom dynamischen Weltwissen, das ständig ergänzt werden muss und an dem kollektiv gearbeitet wird, erinnert stark an das Konzept der Internet-Enzyklopädie Wikipedia.
Der Traum vom dynamischen, ständig wachsenden Wissensnetz Auch, weil Otlet bereits darüber nachdachte, wie in seinem vernetzten Wissenskatalog Anmerkungen einfließen könnten, die Fehler korrigieren oder Widerspruch abbilden. Vor dieser Analogie warnt jedoch Charles van den Heuvel von der Königlichen Niederländischen Akademie der Künste und Wissenschaften: Seiner Interpretation zufolge schwebte Otlet ein System vor, in dem Wissen hierarchisch geordnet ist: Nur eine kleine Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern sollte an der Einordnung von Wissen arbeiten; Bearbeitungen und Anmerkungen sollten, anders etwa als bei der Wikipedia, nicht mit der Information verschmelzen, sondern sie lediglich ergänzen. Das Netz, das Otlet sich ausmalte, ging weit über das World Wide Web mit seiner Hypertext-Struktur hinaus. Otlet wollte nicht nur Informationen miteinander verbunden werden - die Links sollten noch zusätzlich mit Bedeutung aufgeladen werden. Viele Experten sind sich einig, dass diese Idee von Otlet viele Parallelen zu dem Konzept des "semantischen Netz" aufweist. Dessen Ziel ist es, die Bedeutung von Informationen für Rechner verwertbar zu machen - so dass Informationen von ihnen interpretiert werden und maschinell weiterverarbeitet werden können. Projekte, die sich an einer Verwirklichung des semantischen Netzes versuchen, könnten von einem Blick auf Otlets Konzepte profitieren, so van den Heuvel, von dessen Überlegungen zu Hierarchie und Zentralisierung in dieser Frage. Im Mundaneum in Mons arbeitet man derzeit daran, Otlets Arbeiten zu digitalisieren, um sie ins Netz zu stellen. Das dürfte zwar noch ziemlich lange dauern, warnt Archivar Gillen. Aber wenn es soweit ist, wird sich endlich Otlets Vision erfüllen: Seine Sammlung des Wissens wird der Welt zugänglich sein. Papierlos, für jeden abrufbar."

Date

24.10.2008 14:19:22

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Pages

S.3-22

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Source

Cataloging and classification quarterly. 35(2002) nos.1/2, S.3-22

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Footnote

Bezugnahme auf: Trebst, H.: Der heutige Erkenntnisstand in der Formal- und in der Sachkatalogisierung in ZfB 51(1934) S.435-450

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Abstract

This article discusses the development of descriptive cataloging in Germany and the evolution of cataloging principles. The Instruktionen für die alphabetischen Kataloge der preußischen Bibliotheken (Instructions for the Alphabetic Catalogs of the Prussian Libraries, known as the Prussian Instructions, or PI, for short) were published in 1899. The so-called Berliner Anweisungen ("Berlin Instructions," Instructions for the Alphabetic Catalog in Public Libraries) appeared in 1938. Discussion for reform of cataloging rules began in the 1950s and received impetus from the International Conference on Cataloging Principles in Paris in 1961 and from the International Meeting of Cataloging Experts in Copenhagen in 1969. Preliminary drafts of the new Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung, RAK (Rules for Descriptive Cataloging) were issued between 1969 and 1976; the complete edition of the RAK was published in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1976 and in a slightly different version in 1977 for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). A version for academic libraries appeared in 1983, followed by a version for public libraries in 1986. Between 1987 and 1997, supplementary rules for special categories of materials were published.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen 63(1949) S.389-395 (J. Lemcke)

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Abstract

In 1938 the Catalog Section of the American Library Association (ALA) mailed a questionnaire to approximately 1600 librarians, asking their opinions concerning various problems in cataloging and classification. Many changes have occurred since then, but there are problems cited in 1938 that are still with us in one form or another. The items listed in the questionnaire are discussed, and conclusions drawn as to their pertinence for today.

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Abstract

Catalogues date back to the libraries of Babylon and Alexandria, and in the Middle Ages groups of colleges and monasteries created joint catalogues. The dream of universal bibliographic control based on a centralised joint catalogue advanced when the US Library of Congress began selling bibliographic records in 1901. This led to MARC in 1969, and increasing emphasis on standardisation resulted in the first ISBN in 1974

Content

Presentation given at a French Association study day on 'The future of cataloging / Catalogues of the future', held in June 1996 at the BNF