Search (74 results, page 1 of 4)

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Abstract

This paper conjectures that standard archival descriptions are no longer efficient in order to answer to society needs, mainly in an intercultural perspective. After a brief evaluation of the peculiarities of cultural heritage different domain languages, the specific issues of archival descriptions are discussed, seeking the possible strategies - technological as well as cultural - valid to open to an integration of descriptive languages. A particular focus is proposed on RDA, an approach which shows to be the best candidate to harmonize the separate descriptions typical of archival domain and activating the potential informative integrations with any limitation of information environments and single content quality.

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Abstract

The aim of control the economic, social and environmental aspects connected to the construction of a building imposes a systematic approach for which t is necessary to make test models aimed to a coordinate analysis of different and independent performance issues. BIM technology, referring to interoperable informative models, offers a significant operative basis to achieve this necessity. In most of the cases, informative models concentrate on a product-based digital models collection built in a virtual space, more than on the simulation of their relational behaviors. This relation, instead, is the most important aspect of modelling because it marks and characterizes the interactions that can define the building as a system. This study presents the use of standard classification systems as tools for both the activation and validation of an integrated performance-based building process. By referring categories and types of the informative model to the codes of a technological and performance-based classification system, it is possible to link and coordinate functional units and their elements with the indications required by the AEC standards. In this way, progressing with an incremental logic, it is possible to achieve the management of the requirements of the whole building and the monitoring of the fulfilment of design objectives and specific normative guidelines.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 34(2007) no.1, S.58-60 (P. Buizza): "This Nuovo soggettario is the first sign of subject indexing renewal in Italy. Italian subject indexing has been based until now on Soggettario per i cataloghi delle biblioteche italiane (Firenze, 1956), a list of preferred terms and see references, with suitable hierarchical subdivisions and cross references, derived from the subject catalogue of the National Library in Florence (BNCF). New headings later used in Bibliografia nazionale italiana (BNI) were added without references, nor indeed with any real maintenance. Systematic instructions on how to combine the terms are lacking: the indexer using this instrument is obliged to infer the order of terms absent from the lists by consulting analogous entries. Italian libraries are suffering from the limits of this subject catalogue: vocabulary is inadequate, obsolete and inconsistent, the syndetic structure incomplete and inaccurate, and the syntax ill-defined, poorly explained and unable to reflect complex subjects. In the nineties, the Subject Indexing Research Group (Gruppo di ricerca sull'indicizzazione per soggetto, GRIS) of the AIB (Italian Library Association) developed the indexing theory and some principles of PRECIS and drew up guidelines based on consistent principles for vocabulary, semantic relationships and subject string construction, the latter according to role syntax (Guida 1997). In overhauling the Soggettario, the National Library in Florence aimed at a comprehensive indexing system. (A report on the method and evolution of the work has been published in Knowledge Organization (Lucarelli 2005), while the feasibility study is available in Italian (Per un nuovo Soggettario 2002). Any usable terms from the old Soggettario will be transferred to the new system, while taking into consideration international norms and interlinguistic compatibility, as well as applications outside the immediate library context. The terms will be accessible via a suitable OPAC operating on the most advanced software.
The guide Nuovo soggettario was presented on February 8' 2007 at a one-day seminar in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, in front of some 500 spellbound people. The Nuovo soggettario comes in two parts: the guide in book-form and an accompanying CD-ROM, by way of which a prototype of the thesaurus may be accessed on the Internet. In the former, rules are stated; the latter contains a pdf version of the guide and the first installment of the controlled vocabulary, which is to be further enriched and refined. Syntactic instructions (general application guidelines, as well as special annotations of particular terms) and the compiled subject strings file have yet to be added. The essentials of the new system are: 1) an analytic-synthetic approach, 2) use of terms (units of controlled vocabulary) and subject strings (which represent subjects by combining terms in linear order to form syntactic relationships), instead of main headings and subdivisions, 3) specificity of terms and strings, with a view to the co-extension of subject string and subject matter and 4) a clear distinction between semantic and syntactic relationships, with full control of them both. Basic features of the vocabulary include the uniformity and univocality of terms and thesaural management of a priori (semantic) relationships. Starting from its definition, each term can be categorially analyzed: four macro-categories are represented (agents, action, things, time), for which there are subcategories called facets (e.g., for actions: activities, disciplines, processes), which in turn have sub-facets. Morphological instructions conform to national and international standards, including BS 8723, ANSI/ NISO Z39.19 and the IFLA draft of Guidelines for multilingual thesauri, even for syntactic factorization. Different kinds of semantic relationships are represented thoroughly, and particular attention is paid to poly-hierarchies, which are used only in moderation: both top terms must actually be relevant. Node labels are used to specify the principle of division applied. Instance relationships are also used.
An entry is structured so as to present all the essential elements of the indexing system. For each term are given: category, facet, related terms, Dewey interdisciplinary class number and, if necessary; definition or scope notes. Sources used are referenced (an appendix in the book lists those used in the current work). Historical notes indicate whenever a change of term has occurred, thus smoothing the transition from the old lists. In chapter 5, the longest one, detailed instructions with practical examples show how to create entries and how to relate terms; upper relationships must always be complete, right up to the top term, whereas hierarchies of related terms not yet fully developed may remain unfinished. Subject string construction consists in a double operation: analysis and synthesis. The former is the analysis of logical functions performed by single concepts in the definition of the subject (e.g., transitive actions, object, agent, etc.) or in syntactic relationships (transitive relationships and belonging relationship), so that each term for those concepts is assigned its role (e.g., key concept, transitive element, agent, instrument, etc.) in the subject string, where the core is distinct from the complementary roles (e.g., place, time, form, etc.). Synthesis is based on a scheme of nuclear and complementary roles, and citation order follows agreed-upon principles of one-to-one relationships and logical dependence. There is no standard citation order based on facets, in a categorial logic, but a flexible one, although thorough. For example, it is possible for a time term (subdivision) to precede an action term, when the former is related to the latter as the object of action: "Arazzi - Sec. 16.-17. - Restauro" [Tapestry - 16th-17th century - Restoration] (p. 126). So, even with more complex subjects, it is possible to produce perfectly readable strings covering the whole of the subject matter without splitting it into two incomplete and complementary headings. To this end, some unusual connectives are adopted, giving the strings a more discursive style.
Thesaurus software is based on AgroVoc (http:// www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm) provided by the FAO, but in modified form. Many searching options and contextualization within the full hierarchies are possible, so that the choice of morphology and syntax of terms and strings is made easier by the complete overview of semantic relationships. New controlled terms will be available soon, thanks to the work in progress - there are now 13,000 terms, of which 40 percent are non-preferred. In three months, free Internet access by CD-ROM will cease and a subscription will be needed. The digital version of old Soggettario and the corresponding unstructured lists of headings adopted in 1956-1985 are accessible together with the thesaurus, so that the whole vocabulary, old and new, will be at the fingertips of the indexer, who is forced to work with both tools during this transition period. In the future, it will be possible to integrate the thesaurus into library OPACs. The two parts form a very consistent and detailed resource. The guide is filled with examples; the accurate, clearly-expressed and consistent instructions are further enhanced by good use of fonts and type size, facilitating reading. The thesaurus is simple and quick to use, very rich, albeit only a prototype; see, for instance, a list of DDC numbers and related terms with their category and facet, and then entries, hierarchies and so on, and the capacity of the structure to show organized knowledge. The excellent outcome of a demanding experimentation, the intended guide welcomes in a new era of subject indexing in Italy and is highly recommended. The new method has been designed to be easily teachable to new and experimented indexers.
Now BNI is beginning to use the new language, pointing the way for the adoption of Nuovo soggettario in Italian libraries: a difficult challenge whose success is not assured. To name only one issue: including all fields of study requires particular care in treating terms with different specialized meanings; cooperation of other libraries and institutions is foreseen. At the same time, efforts are being made to assure the system's interoperability outside the library world. It is clear that a great commitment is required. "Too complex a system!" say the naysayers. "Only at the beginning," the proponents reply. The new system goes against the mainstream, compared with the imitation of the easy way offered by search engines - but we know that they must enrich their devices to improve quality, just repeating the work on semantic and syntactic relationships that leads formal expressions to the meanings they are intended to communicate - and also compared with research to create automated devices supporting human work, for the need to simplify cataloguing. Here AI is not involved, but automation is widely used to facilitate and to support the conscious work of indexers guided by rules as clear as possible. The advantage of Nuovo soggettario is its combination of a thesaurus (a much-appreciated tool used across the world) with the equally widespread technique of subject-string construction, which is to say: the rational and predictable combination of the terms used. The appearance of this original, unparalleled working model may well be a great occasion in the international development of indexing, as, on one hand, the Nuovo soggettario uses a recognized tool (the thesaurus) and, on the other, by permitting both pre-coordination and post-coordination, it attempts to overcome the fragmentation of increasingly complex and specialized subjects into isolated, single-term descriptors. This is a serious proposition that merits consideration from both theoretical and practical points of view - and outside Italy, too."

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Abstract

Library information service assessment studies can help the reference librarian to form an accurate judgement on the library's structure and organization in terms of: efficiency; effectiveness; and cost/benefit ratio. These 3 assessment criteria can be applied to the following areas: staff; users; user requests; answers provided; library information service potential; and collection and documentation resources. Each of these areas yields further sub-categories for evaluation. Data collection methods depend on the end purpose of the assessment study, but may include the issue of questionnaires to librarians and users, and non invasive observation of user activities. The studies can be unpopular, as they may result in cuts in staff or services

Date

6. 4.1996 13:22:31

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Abstract

Comprises 7 papers, 7 book reviews and 7 abstracts on recent thesaurus literature as well as a bibliography of 47 sources relating to literature on thesauri

Content

Enthält u.a. die Beiträge (auf Italienisch): CHETI, A.: Classification as a source of terms and relationships for thesauri; DANESI, D.: Che cosa non sono i thesauri?; PETRUCCIANI, A.: Microthesauri for the old and rare book; TAMMARO, A.M.: Hypertext and thesauri: two application examples; ROLLE, M.: A legal-administrative thesaurus for local government: an experience in construction; CAPITANI, P.C.: European multilingual thesauri in the area of education; DANESI, D.: The Art and Architecture Thesaurus and the comeback of a faceted thesaurus

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Abstract

Bibliography' s claim to be a discipline is founded on its specific and exclusive concerns with knowledge organization structures and with the logical tools needed for indexing procedures. Discusses in a historical context the theoretical bases of bibliography, exploring such themes as the problems of author/reader communication and the abandonment of university accepted document classification criteria. Suggests that probably the only way to restore bibliographic communication is to adopt cognitive and regulatory 'maps' based on literary communication

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: The specificity of bibliography

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Abstract

Analyses 5 articles on subjects of bibliographic interest in the 1st ed. (1751-80) of Encyclopedie, now re-issued in facsimile form. The article headings (translated) are Bibliomane, Bibliomania, Librarian, Library, and Catalogue. The relevant authors include Diderot, d'Alembert and David, among others. By identifying likely sources, the analysis throws light on library science developments in the early 18th century. D'Alembert's contribution, in particular, contains the seeds of the modern view of what libraries ought not to be

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: A brief review of articles relating to library topics in Diderot's Encyclopedie, with critical comments

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Abstract

Presents a rebuttal of criticisms of the Italian version of Dewey's 20th ed., which in the section relating to the geography of Italy was alleged to have expanded and updated Auxiliary Table 2 by using classification methods that resulted in errors in the location of some of the country's 8.000 communes (Bibliotecario 38(1993), 147-148). The debate focuses on aspects such as the numbering system of classification, the use of subdivisions, whether or not to list all communes,and the absence in Italy of an intermediate entity between province and commune

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Abstract

The 'Guida all'indicizzazione per soggetto', the outcome of the work of the GRIS collaborative project of Italian research and academic libraries on subject heading schemes for Italian libraries, was published in 1996, though not in a definitive form. Presents some notes as a contribution to the definitive version, particularly section 3. The latter is concerned with the control of terms, including the analysis of categories, the morphology of terms and the structure of vocabulary

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: The control of terms in subject headings: a contribution to the definitive text of the GRIS Guide

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Abstract

Report on the multimedia project being implemented at the historically important Panizzi public library in Reggio Emilia. The library's collection of about 800.000 photographs of local and historical interest is being catalogued in a database, using TinPhoto software, while the photos are being recorded on analog videodisks. Similar filing procedures apply to the library's stamp collection division. The audiovisual section has a laboratory that produces AV programmes on U-matic and VHS cassettes. The library will utilise the versatile Zetesis program to create a unified OPAC that links all its separate divisions

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Abstract

Presents a detailed analysis and assessment of EndNote Plus and EndLink, the successful bibliography formatting software program for Windows produced by Niles & Ass. Inc. of Berkeley, CA. The use of EndNote can be learnt without training courses or outside assistance, simply by following the manual. The current version of the program is 2.1 (Apr 1996), but ot allows everything done in the DOS and Macintosh versions to be reused automatically. Provides e-mail Internet addresses for Niles & Ass.; detailes of software required; instructions on how to order EndNote; and other useful data

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Abstract

As a solution for networked information retrieval the ISO has adopted the SR/Z39.50 protocol. Debate however continues, particularly as regards OPAC, on the relatice merits of Z39.50 and the facilities afforded by the WWW, which based on the http protocol. Examines the features of these 2 solutions for OPAC, and also describes the ARCA project, set up in 1995 with finance from the EC Libraries programme to implement the Z39.50 protocol

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Abstract

Discusses the FACIT (Fast Austomated Conversion with Integrated Tools) project conducted by 2 Italian libraries, the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze (BNCF) and the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III di Napoli, with the participation of Danish libraries. The project lasted from 1993 to 1996 and aimed to develop instruments for the large scale conversion of catalogues using OCR techniques. Explains how the project was carried out on the Catalogo Palatino of the BNCF and attempts to evaluate the project both in terms of its technical success and value for more money

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: From the experiment of the FACIT project to the conversion of the Palatine Catalogue of the National Central Library of Florence

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Abstract

The Toolkit designed by the RDA Steering Committee makes Resource Description and Access available on the web, together with other useful documents (workflows, mappings, etc.). Reading, learning and memorizing are interconnected, and a working tool should make these activities faster and easier to perform. Some issues arise while verifying the real easiness of use and learning of the tool. The practical and formal requirements for a cataloguing code include plain language, ease of memorisation, clarity of instructions, familiarity for users, predictability and reproducibility of solutions, and general usability. From a formal point of view, the RDA text does not appear to be conceived for an uninterrupted reading, but just for reading of few paragraphs for temporary catalographic needs. From a content point of view, having a syndetic view of the description of a resource is rather difficult: catalographic details are scattered and their re-organization is not easy. The visualisation and logical organisation in the Toolkit could be improved: the table of contents occupies a sizable portion of the screen and resizing or hiding it is not easy; the indentation leaves little space to the words; inhomogeneous font styles (italic and bold) and poor contrast between background and text colours make reading not easy; simultaneous visualization of two or more parts of the text is not allowed; and Toolkit's icons are less intuitive than expected. In the conclusion, some suggestions on how to improve the Toolkit's aspects and usability are provided.

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Abstract

An awareness exists among Italian librarians of the need for an established code of ethics for library reference services. Considers the principles that such a code should incorporate; the US Commitment to Information services, for example, affirms users' rights of access to library books and resources, regardless of content and opinions expressed. Censoship is opposed and people are not barred from library use for ethnis, social or religious reasons. An ethical code would require library staff to be impartial, give attention and respect to users, allocate time properly, and avoid prejudice. Discusses the problems of library ethics which arise when user requests relate to sensitive topics e.g. euthansia, cocaine refining

Date

6. 4.1996 13:22:31

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Abstract

Book dedications by authors, often in verse form and appearing just before the title page, are one of the 6 elements describes by the French scholar Genette as paratextual. For some reasons dedications have failed to interest librarians, yet books containing them can be a valid object of bibliographic study, for the reasons that they carry special markings: are an example of a specific literary or semantic class; and reveal linguistic/stylistic features. Examines the history of literary dedications, citing examples by well-known writers, and suggests that cataloguing software should have a special field to record dedication

Date

22. 2.1999 20:41:06

Footnote

Übers. d. Titels: The study and indexing of book dedications

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Abstract

The Stuttgart University of Library and Information Studies has collected interesting data from a questionnaire based study of CDS/ISIS retrieval system application. Replies from 34 worldwide users, all with Internet access, suggest that CDS/ISIS is mostly used with stand-alone PCs, and that there is much interest in the possible use of CDS/ISIS on UNIX platforms. In 19 cases, CDS/ISIS application s relate to library functions, while in the areas of technology, medicine and the environment most databases are CDS/ISIS-structured and designed for local or internal use. The study also provides data on areas such as CDS/ISIS user groups and development programmes

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: International documentation with CDS/ISIS: a project by the University of Library and Information Studies of Stuttgart

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Abstract

Discusses the bibligraphical value of authors' handwritten marginal notes, comments and explanations. Such notes may be merely trivial, or consist of invective, but some examples have proved extremely useful for the comprehension of obscure or contradictory texts. The possibility of surprising discoveries in marginal notes has always attracted some researchers to this field. Cataloguing such notes by fixed rules is difficult; as a bibliographical entity, each note is unique and unrepeatable. Librarians should be flexible and intuitive in their approach. Supports the thesis with historical references and quotations

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: On the margins, but not marginal

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Abstract

In some areas of librarianship, such as cataloguing and subject classification, there are established rulebooks to guide librarians in their work. Information librarians however have no such aid; their metier is more an art than a profession, since reader queries may concern any aspect of human knowledge. After analysing hundreds of information library reader requests; G. Jahoda and colleagues have sought to formulate self-operating rules for interpreting such queries, utilising the 2 basic elements - what is 'known' and what is 'required' - contained in each request. Lists the categories into which each element breaks down. When presented in matrix form these can indicate the type of reference work to consult to resolve any reader queries

Date

6. 4.1996 13:22:31

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Abstract

Examines in detail the author cataloguing practices adopted by the Italian National Library Service, as set out in its 1995 Cataloguing Guide (Guida SBN), and discusses how far these practices accord with the standard 1979 RICA author cataloguing rules. Since the author headings prescribed by RICA include personal names, corporate names and titles, this survey looks at all such SBN catalogue entries having an access point function. Presents many examples of standard and variant forms of heading, and reviews control procedures

Date

22. 2.1999 20:40:57