Search (5207 results, page 2 of 261)

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Abstract

Profile of UMI founded in 1938 by Eugene Power as University Microfilms, describing its progress from microfilms to ProQuest Direct, the company's latest Web based product which provides access to all its electronic databases. Dan Arbour recounts the history and philosophy of UMI, and explains production methods, the firm's structure and business strategies and current and future plans

Date

29. 7.1998 14:50:08

Source

Information world review. 1998, no.133, S.22-23

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Content

Enthält die Kapitel: (1) HEIT, E.: Knowledge and concept learning (2) HAHN, U. u. N. CHATER: Concepts and similarity (3) MURPHY, G.L. u. M.E. LASSALINE: Hierarchical structure in concepts and the basic level of categorization (4) HAMPTON, J.: Conceptual combination (5) SMITH, L.B. u. L.K. SAMUELSON; Perceiving and remembering: category stability, variability and development (6) SHANKS, D.R.: Distributed representations and implicit knowledge: a brief introduction (7) KNOWLTON, B.: Declarative and nondeclarative knowledge: insights from cognitive neurosciences (8) GOSCHKE, T.: Implicit learning and unconscious knowledge: mental representation, computational mechanisms, and brain structures (9) WHITTLESEA, B.W.A.: The representation of general and particular knowledge (10) LAMBERTS, K.: Process models of categorization (11) BUSEMEYER, J.R. u.a.: Learning functional relations based on experience with input-output pairs by humans and artificial neural networks (12) STORMS, G. u. P. DeBOECK: Formal models for intra-categorial structure that can be used for data analysis

Date

29. 3.1996 18:16:49

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Abstract

The article reports a field study which examined the mental models of 80 undergraduates seeking information for either a history or psychology course essay when they were in an early, exploration stage of researching their essay. This group is presently at a disadvantage when using thesaurus-type schemes in indexes and online search engines because there is a disconnect between how domain novice users of IR systems represent a topic space and how this space is represented in the standard IR system thesaurus. The study attempted to (a) ascertain the coding language used by the 80 undergraduates in the study to mentally represent their topic and then (b) align the mental models with the hierarchical structure found in many thesauri. The intervention focused the undergraduates' thinking about their topic from a topic statement to a thesis statement. The undergraduates were asked to produce three mental model diagrams for their real-life course essay at the beginning, middle, and end of the interview, for a total of 240 mental model diagrams, from which we created a 12-category mental model classification scheme. Findings indicate that at the end of the intervention, (a) the percentage of vertical mental models increased from 24 to 35% of all mental models; but that (b) 3rd-year students had fewer vertical mental models than did 1st-year undergraduates in the study, which is counterintuitive. The results indicate that there is justification for pursuing our research based on the hypothesis that rotating a domain novice's mental model into a vertical position would make it easier for him or her to cognitively connect with the thesaurus's hierarchical representation of the topic area.

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Abstract

Semantic Relations and the Lexicon explores the many paradigmatic semantic relations between words, such as synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy, and their relevance to the mental organization of our vocabularies. Drawing on a century's research in linguistics, psychology, philosophy, anthropology and computer science, M. Lynne Murphy proposes a pragmatic approach to these relations. Whereas traditional approaches have claimed that paradigmatic relations are part of our lexical knowledge, Dr Murphy argues that they constitute metalinguistic knowledge, which can be derived through a single relational principle, and may also be stored as part of our extra-lexical, conceptual representations of a word. Part I shows how this approach can account for the properties of lexical relations in ways that traditional approaches cannot, and Part II examines particular relations in detail. This book will serve as an informative handbook for all linguists and cognitive scientists interested in the mental representation of vocabulary.

Date

22. 7.2013 10:53:30

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1859

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Source

Library herald. 22(1983), S.1-29

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Abstract

Information is essential to all human activity, and information in electronic form both amplifies and augments human information interactions. This lecture surveys some of the different classical meanings of information, focuses on the ways that electronic technologies are affecting how we think about these senses of information, and introduces an emerging sense of information that has implications for how we work, play, and interact with others. The evolutions of computers and electronic networks and people's uses and adaptations of these tools manifesting a dynamic space called cyberspace. Our traces of activity in cyberspace give rise to a new sense of information as instantaneous identity states that I term proflection of self. Proflections of self influence how others act toward us. Four classical senses of information are described as context for this new form of information. The four senses selected for inclusion here are the following: thought and memory, communication process, artifact, and energy. Human mental activity and state (thought and memory) have neurological, cognitive, and affective facets.The act of informing (communication process) is considered from the perspective of human intentionality and technical developments that have dramatically amplified human communication capabilities. Information artifacts comprise a common sense of information that gives rise to a variety of information industries. Energy is the most general sense of information and is considered from the point of view of physical, mental, and social state change. This sense includes information theory as a measurable reduction in uncertainty. This lecture emphasizes how electronic representations have blurred media boundaries and added computational behaviors that yield new forms of information interaction, which, in turn, are stored, aggregated, and mined to create profiles that represent our cyber identities.

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Abstract

Critiques the disparate literature on graphical representation, focusing on 4 representative studies. Proposes a new agenda for graphical representation research, which builds on the nascent theoretical approach within cognitive science that analyzes the role played by external representations in relation to internal mental ones. Outlines some of the central properties of this relationship that are necessary for the processing of graphical representations. Considers how this analysis can inform the selection and design of both traditional and advanced forms of graphical technology

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Date

22. 1.2016 14:45:01

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Content

Inhalt: Patrick Hayes: On being the same: keynote address 1. The role of classification and ontology on the Web Dan Brickley: Classification, collaboration and the Web of data - Guus Schreiber: Issues in publishing and aligning Web vocabularies - Thomas Baker: The concepts of knowledge organization systems as hubs in the Web of data 2. Classifications and ontologies on their own terms Barbara H. Kwasnik: Approaches to providing context in knowledge representation structures - Richard Smiraglia; Charles van den Heuvel; Thomas M. Dousa: Interactions between elementary structures in universes of knowledge - Emad Khazraee; Xia Lin: Demystifying ontology 3. Classification meets the Web Daniel Kless; Jutta Lindenthal; Simon Milton; Edmund Kazmierczak: Interoperability of knowledge organization systems with and through ontologies - Vincenzo Maltese; Feroz Farazi: Towards the integration of knowledge organization systems with the linked data cloud - Maria Rüther; Joachim Fock; Thomas Schultz-Krutisch; Thomas Bandholtz: Classification and reference vocabulary in linked environment data
7. Transforming and extending classification systems Joan S. Mitchell; Marcia Lei Zeng; Maja Zumer: Extending models for controlled vocabularies to classification systems: modelling DDC with FRSAD - Fran Alexander; Andy Heather: Transformation of a legacy UDC-based classification system: exploiting and remodelling semantic relationships - Posters - Short papers Andrea Scharnhorst; Almila Akdag Salah; Krzysztof Suchecki; Cheng Gao; Richard P. Smiraglia: The evolution of knowledge, and its representation in classification systems - Charles van den Heuvel; Almila Akdag Salah; Knowledge Space Lab: Visualizing universes of knowledge: designs and visual analysis of the UDC - Ricardo Eito-Brun; Alfredo Calosci: UDC as a knowledge framework for building a civil engineering ontology: a practical approach to knowledge representation and visualization

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Abstract

This study explores the effect of interaction in research on knowledge creation (KC) and its dependence on the conceptualization of a human being. A framework for understanding KC with hermeneutic phenomenology is developed, based on an analysis of recent KC research and key texts on hermeneutic phenomenology. The results obtained indicate that recent KC research still emphasizes the concept of knowledge as an asset inside the human mind, although the interest is in knowing and interpersonal relationships in working communities. Exploration of the use of the effect of interaction in research on KC shows that successful interaction is connected to the ideas of openness, critical thinking, and awareness of past experiences. These elements reflect the general ideas of the hermeneutic tradition without taking into account the historical roots of hermeneutics or questioning the concept of a human being behind them. It is concluded that the hermeneutic circle and phenomenological conceptualization of a human being provide a better defined and more coherent structure for understanding the event of KC as a future-oriented, conscious act of interaction. The framework developed offers three fundamental areas for exploration: structure of the interactive event, construction of the human experience in interaction, and modes of being in interaction.

Date

1. 5.2014 18:10:29

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Source

Computer. 16(1983) no.10, S.22-27

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1938

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Abstract

We provide a model for the reception of knowledge from externalized information sources. The model is based on a cognitive understanding of information processing and draws up ideas of an exchange of information in communication processes. Karl Popper's three-world theory with its orientation on falsifiable scientific knowledge is extended by John Searle's concept of collective intentionality. This allows a consistent description of externalization and reception of knowledge including scientific knowledge as well as everyday knowledge.

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Abstract

This article reports the results of a study that investigated effects of four user characteristics on users' mental models of information retrieval systems: educational and professional status, first language, academic background, and computer experience. The repertory grid technique was used in the study. Using this method, important components of information retrieval systems were represented by nine concepts, based on four IR experts' judgments. Users' mental models were represented by factor scores that were derived from users' matrices of concept ratings on different attributes of the concepts. The study found that educational and professional status, academic background, and computer experience had significant effects in differentiating users on their factor scores. First language had a borderline effect, but the effect was not significant enough at a = 0.05 level. Specific different views regarding IR systems among different groups of users are described and discussed. Implications of the study for information science and IR system designs are suggested

Date

29. 9.2001 14:00:33

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Date

22. 8.2014 17:12:35

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 65(2014) no.9, S.1929-1938

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Abstract

Presents the preliminary results of a pilot research project on disorientation in hypertextual educational systems. It explores spatial cognition's correlation with hypermedia navigation. Analyzes mental models, in order to justify their use as a basis for interface design. Introduces the notion of disorientation in a hypermedia environment. Illustrates the co-ordinates of experiments set up to verify the assumption that users need to build some form of conceptual representation of devices they are interacting with in order to understand them, and reports the results. Redefines the notions of spatial metaphor and of maps in the light of the results

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Abstract

This experiment, focused on the users behaviour, aims to study the search topic representation they build and to highlight the role of a graphical thesaurus on their mental models and searching behaviour. The users expertise in the field is considered. The results show how difficult it is to structure a field; they also point out how much a graphical thesaurus could contribute to such a task, but also its restricted role in the query task. They urge us to think over which shape is proper to the conceptual interface and the variety of links that have to be taken into account

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Abstract

Most information systems share a common assumption: information seeking is discrete. Such an assumption neither reflects real-life information seeking processes nor conforms to the perspective of phenomenology, "life is a journey constituted by continuous acquisition of knowledge." Thus, this study develops and validates a theoretical model that explains successive search experience for essentially the same information problem. The proposed model is called Multiple Information Seeking Episodes (MISE), which consists of four dimensions: problematic situation, information problem, information seeking process, episodes. Eight modes of multiple information seeking episodes are identified and specified with properties of the four dimensions of MISE. The results partially validate MISE by finding that the original MISE model is highly accurate, but less sufficient in characterizing successive searches; all factors in the MISE model are empirically confirmed, but new factors are identified as weIl. The revised MISE model is shifted from the user-centered to the interaction-centered perspective, taking into account factors of searcher, system, search activity, search context, information attainment, and information use activities.

Date

10. 4.2005 14:52:22