-
Bauer, R.: ¬Die digitale Bibliothek von Babel : über den Umgang mit Wissensressourcen im Web 2.0 (2010)
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- Abstract
- Das Web 2.0 hat einen Paradigmenwechsel im Umgang mit Informationen und damit eng verbunden im Wissenserwerb eingeleitet. Theoretisch gesehen hat jeder offenen Zugang zu vielfältigen Informationen und kann gleichzeitig selbst Inhalte beisteuern - z.B. in Sozialen Netzwerken, in Weblogs oder Wikis - und Websites oder andere Dokumente (Videos, Slideshows o.ä.) veröffentlichen und mit anderen Nutzern teilen. Dieser Demokratisierungsprozess von Wissensproduktion, -kommunikation und -erwerb ist allerdings nicht frei von Kontroversen. Das verstärkte Nebeneinander von sachlich richtiger und relevanter Information einerseits und Belanglosigkeiten andererseits ruft auch Gegner auf den Plan. Sie sprechen von einem Information Overkill und befürchten den Niedergang der klassischen Bildung. Führen freie Wissenszugänge im Netz tatsächlich zu weniger Bildung? Was macht eine Website zu einer zuverlässigen und vertrauenswürdigen Quelle? Wie können aus der Fülle von Webressourcen die qualitativ hochwertigen herausgefiltert werden? Welchen Beitrag kann dabei Social Software leisten? Welches sind die Konstituenten einer Informationskompetenz 2.0, über die User verfügen sollten, um mit vorgefundenen Ressourcen adäquat umgehen zu können? Und inwiefern sind Bibliotheken - die sich ja zunehmend als Teaching Libraries verstehen - hier gefordert? Auf diese Fragen versucht das vorliegende Buch Antworten zu geben. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Umgang mit Wissensressourcen im Web 2.0, wobei ebenso theoretische wie praktische Implikationen berücksichtigt und ausgewählte Evaluierungsansätze hinsichtlich ihrer praktischen Anwendbarkeit für die User diskutiert werden.
- Object
- Web 2.0
- RSWK
- World Wide Web 2.0 / Information Retrieval / Informationskompetenz
- Series
- Web 2.0
- Subject
- World Wide Web 2.0 / Information Retrieval / Informationskompetenz
-
Mills, T.; Moody, K.; Rodden, K.: Providing world wide access to historical sources (1997)
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- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:08:06
- Footnote
- Contribution to a special issue of papers from the 6th International World Wide Web conference, held 7-11 Apr 1997, Santa Clara, California
- Source
- Computer networks and ISDN systems. 29(1997) no.8, S.1317-1325
-
Wissen, D.: Zukunft der Bibliographie - Bibliographie der Zukunft : eine Expertenbefragung mittels Delphi-Technik in Archiven und Bibliotheken in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz ; vom Schriftenverzeichnis zum Informationsraum ; die Entwicklung bibliographischer Informationen, hin zu mediographischen Daten für die germanistische Applikation bei Literaturportalen wie beispielsweise einer Mediographie bzw. Wikigraphie (2008)
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- Date
- 26.10.2008 18:29:48
- Footnote
- Zugl.: Wien, Univ., Diss., 2007. - Rez. in: ZfBB 55(2008) H.6, S.360-361 (L. Heller): "Was grenzt eine Bibliographie von einem Bibliothekskatalog oder auch einem Literaturverzeichnis ab? Welche Gegenstände, Personen(gruppen) und Räume sind lohnende Objekte einer jeweils eigenständigen und möglichst umfassenden bibliographischen Erschließung? Wie kann eine solche Erschließung für die Literatursuchenden wirklich nützlich sein? - Fragen wie diese zeigen, wie groß und wie schwer zu fassen das Konzept »Bibliographie« bisher schon immerwar. Wie viel komplexer und anspruchsvoller das Bereitstellen einer zeitgemäßen, nützlichen bibliographischen Dienstleistung im Internetzeitalter ist, hat sich der Bibliothekar Dirk Wissen in seinem Buch »Zukunft der Bibliographie - Bibliographie der Zukunft« gefragt. Es dürfte sich um eine der ersten deutschsprachigen Dissertationsschriften handeln, die explizit den Themenbereich »Bibliothek 2.0« und »Archiv 2.0« behandeln. Diese beiden Stichworte spielen auf das »Web 2.0« an, einen Begriff, mit dem der Computer-Buchverleger Tim O'Reilly 2005 eine grobe begriffliche Zusammenfassung neuerer, partizipativer Entwicklungen im Internet, wie beispielsweise das freie Online-Lexikon Wikipedia, prägte. Wissen versucht, anhand von Einschätzungen und Erwartungen der Leiter einiger bedeutender Archive, Bibliotheken und Informationseinrichtungen im deutschen Sprachraum herauszufinden, wie bibliographische Dienstleistungen der nahen Zukunft aussehen könnten. Kommerzielle Unternehmen sind dabei nur mit einer Institution vertreten, dem ekz, während traditionelle Universitätsbibliotheken recht zahlreich repräsentiert sind. Akkurat und nachvollziehbar führte der Autor über mehrere Runden Interviews mit diesem Personenkreis durch, legt den Befragten Thesen vor und lässt sie diese bewerten.
In dieser so genannten Delphi-Studie kristallisiert sich der Wunsch nach einem Web-Portal heraus, das Eigenschaften heutiger bibliographischer Datenbankangebote mit Eigenschaften des Web 2.0 ergänzt. Bis ungefähr 2015 soll den Befragungs-Ergebnissen zufolge ein von mehreren Einrichtungen als »Wikigraphie« oder »Mediographie« kooperativ betriebenes Literaturportal entstehen können. Die Betonung liegt dabei auf »können« - Wissen legt wert darauf, weder die Befragten über alternative Szenarien entscheiden zu lassen, noch eine Prognose zu treffen. Vielmehr habe sein Szenario einen >orientierendem Charakter. Das Szenario einer Mediographie stehe dabei für die Integration von bibliographischer Information und dem Vollzugriff auf die (textuellen und nicht-textuellen) Medieninhalte. Wikigraphie meint eine »Schicht« der Benutzerinteraktion eines Portals, das eine unter ökonomischen und qualitativen Aspekten wünschenswerte Anreicherung qualitätsgesicherter Stammdaten< durch Benutzer erlaubt. Nun weckt der Begriff »Portal« unweigerlich Assoziationen an Vorstellungen zentralisierter Informationsverzeichnisse im Web, wie sie in den 90er-Jahren verbreitet waren. Dem Autor der Studie kann man das nur bedingt zum Vorwurf machen. Er erfüllt lediglich die selbstgestellte Aufgabe, aus den Aussagen der deutschen Bibliotheks-Entscheiderderen Vorstellung von einer »Zukunft der Bibliographie« zu destillieren. Es überrascht kaum, dass sich diese Vorstellung vom in der Fachöffentlichkeit vorherrschenden Bild der Bibliothek 2.0 unterscheidet - denn dort wird die Bearbeitung dieses Themas gern einer ganz anderen Generation überlassen, sozusagen den »jungen Wilden« des Bibliothekswesens.
Bedauerliche Auslassungen Dennoch ist es bedauerlich, dass in den 2005 und 2006 stattgefundenen Befragungs-Runden gleich mehrere Ansätze außen vor geblieben sind, an denen sich modellhaft die Entwicklung der Bibliographie unter den Bedingungen des Web 2.0 hätte beobachten lassen. Der 2004 von Richard Cameron gegründete bibliographische Social-Bookmarking-Dienst CiteULike und seine zahlreichen Nacheiferer werden nicht erwähnt. Auch das ebenfalls 2004 entstandene WikisourceProjekt, bei dem digitalisierte Dokumente unter einer freien Lizenz veröffentlicht und von Freiwilligen beschrieben und textlich erfasst werden, findet keine Erwähnung. Und auch LibraryThing, ein 2005 entstandener Webdienst, der seine Benutzer mit großem Erfolg zur Katalogisierung, »Anreicherung« und Vernetzung ihrer privaten Buchsammlungen einlädt, fehlt leider, einschließlich aller Konkurrenzunternehmen.
Das ist deshalb bedauerlich, weil die für das Internet charakteristische Dezentralisierung der bibliographischen Informationsströme gerade durch Dienste wie CiteULike einen erheblichen Popularitäts- aber auch Forschungs- und Entwicklungsschub erfahren hat. Man betrachte nur die Flut der fachlichen Veröffentlichungen über bibliographische Social-Bookmarking-Dienste in den fachlichen Repositories DUST und E-LIS sowie in den anglophonen Fachzeitschriften seit etwa 2004. Einige mit diesen Diensten zusammenhängende Themen werden von Wissen durchaus berührt. Er findet zum Beispiel mit den Experten heraus, dass das Semantic Web Bestandteil des medio- bzw. wikigraphischen Portals sein müsse (S. 203). Aber die bloße Nennung des Semantic Web lässt nichts von den Spannungen ahnen, die es für das soziale Verhältnis von Zentrum und Peripherie der bibliographischen Information birgt, wenn die partizipativen Strukturen des Web 2.0 und das Semantic Web zusammenkommen. Web 2.0-typische Webservices kombiniert mit den Normdateien der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek würden etwa bedeuten, dass jeder, überall, auch in einem Dienst wie CiteULike, in Wikisource oder in einem eigenen Weblog, Verknüpfungen zu einem Schlagwort erzeugen kann. Ohne also abzuwarten, ob ihm im Jahr 2015 in einem zentralen Portal der traditionellen bibliographischen Diensteanbieter eine >Mitmach-Schicht< zugewiesen wird, in der er dann ein wenig miterschließen darf. Der Autor gibt in seinem Resümee zu erkennen, dass er durchaus um die Eigendynamik seines Gegenstands und die Eigenwilligkeit der Benutzer weiß (S.326f.). Ob das auch für die interviewten Sprecher dieses Delphi-Orakels der bibliographischen Zukunft gilt, muss nach der Lektüre des Buchs allerdings dahingestellt bleiben."
-
Herrmann, R.: Deutsche Telefonbücher im World Wide Web (1997)
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-
Rosen, J.; Dickstein, R.; Greenfield, L.: Using the World Wide Web at the reference desk (1998)
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Gumpenberger, C.: Qualitätsbewußtsein von Nutzern veterinärmedizinischer Informationsangebote im World Wide Web : Abstract (2003)
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Thomsen, E.B.: ¬The World Wide Web of art (1998)
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- Abstract
- The WWW is bringing a vast array of art resources to libraries worldwide providing access to copious information and images. Describes art gallery, art museum and other art sites on the Web, and draws attention to general search engines and directory sites
-
Potmesil, M.: Maps alive : viewing geospatial information on the WWW (1997)
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- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:08:06
- Footnote
- Contribution to a special issue of papers from the 6th International World Wide Web conference, held 7-11 Apr 1997, Santa Clara, California
- Source
- Computer networks and ISDN systems. 29(1997) no.8, S.1327-1342
-
D'Ambra, J.; Wilson, C.S.: Use of the World Wide Web for international travel : integrating the construct of uncertainty in information seeking and the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) Model (2004)
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- Abstract
- In this study, we attempt to evaluate the performance of the World Wide Web as an information resource in the domain of international travel. The theoretical framework underpinning our approach recognizes the contribution of models of information seeking behavior and of information systems in explaining World Wide Web usage as an information resource. Specifically, a model integrating the construct of uncertainty in information seeking and the task-technology fit model is presented. To test the integrated model, 217 travelers participated in a questionnaire-based empirical study. Our results confirm that richer (or enhanced) models are required to evaluate the broad context of World Wide Web (the Web) usage as an information resource. Use of the Web for travel tasks, for uncertainty reduction, as an information resource, and for mediation all have a significant impact an users' perception of performance, explaining 46% of the variance. Additionally, our study contributes to the testing and validation of metrics for use of the Web as an information resource in a specific domain.
-
Jascó, P.: CD-ROMs for the holiday season : recommended titles offer more than their online, Web-based versions (1997)
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- Abstract
- Users with unlimited Web access can now access a wide range of reference materials and consumer guides thus avoiding the expense of buying them on CD-ROMs. Nevertheless, some CD-ROMs provide significant extras to Web products. Reviews the Complete National Geographic, the Leonardo database and FDR (Rossevelt) from Corbis, Grolier's Picasso, Dorling Kindersley's The Ultimate Human Body, Microsoft's Virtual Globe, Rand McNally's New Millennium World Atlas, the 4 encyclopedias: Compton, Grolier, Encarta and World Book, the combined reference tool Bookshelf'98 and the game, Riven by Broderbund
- Object
- New Millennium World Atlas
World Book
-
Chowdhury, G.G.: Information sources and searching on the World Wide Web (2001)
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-
Brygfjeld, S.A.: Access to Web archives : Ther Nordic Web Archives Access Project approach (2002)
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- Abstract
- National institutions in the international community have realized the importance and significance of digital documents living an the World Wide Web as a part of the current cultural history. Collecting, preserving and giving access to this vast collection of information is a challenge of great importance. This article points at some general focus area, and goes more in depth an access to Web archives. The Nordic Web Archive project is described to some extent.The project has pointed at some alternative ways of enabling users to take benefit of Web archives, and it also brings experiences an the access area forward.
-
Schaefer, M.T.: Project Aristotle & Cyberstacks : automating the virtual Internet library (1998)
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- Abstract
- Project Aristotle is a Web site clearinghouse for projects and products dealing with the automated location, categorisation, classification and organization of Web resources. Describes projects of interest to librarians and that illustrate current success in automating the cyberspace library: PHOAKS (People Helping One Anothe Know Staff; http://phoaks.com/index.html); WISE (World Wide Web Index and Search Engine; http://www.cs.ust.hk/IndexServer); WebSEEk; ET-Space (Entertainment Space; http://ai.bpa.arizona.edu/et); the Bookmark Organizer; Webmap; HyPursuit; HotPage Plus; Netscape Catalog Server; and CyberStacks
-
IBM release 1997 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia deluxe edition (1997)
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- Abstract
- Reviews IBM's 1997 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia Deluxe Edition. The double CD-ROM combines contents from the Wrold Book with Internet and multimedia technologies and is tailored to US school curricula for the 4th grade through high school and beyond. The CD included videos of 2 to 4 minutes each. The software allows Internet users to update World Book articles with news, current affairs and events. This link also provides access to World Book's 80 years of archived information available on its Web site as well as links to other sites. Describes search features. A 225.000 word dictionary is included. Lists system requirements
- Object
- World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia
-
Veelen, I. van: ¬The truth according to Wikipedia (2008)
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- Abstract
- Google or Wikipedia? Those of us who search online -- and who doesn't? -- are getting referred more and more to Wikipedia. For the past two years, this free online "encyclopedia of the people" has been topping the lists of the world's most popular websites. But do we really know what we're using? Backlight plunges into the story behind Wikipedia and explores the wonderful world of Web 2.0. Is it a revolution, or pure hype? Director IJsbrand van Veelen goes looking for the truth behind Wikipedia. Only five people are employed by the company, and all its activities are financed by donations and subsidies. The online encyclopedia that everyone can contribute to and revise is now even bigger than the illustrious Encyclopedia Britannica. Does this spell the end for traditional institutions of knowledge such as Britannica? And should we applaud this development as progress or mourn it as a loss? How reliable is Wikipedia? Do "the people" really hold the lease on wisdom? And since when do we believe that information should be free for all? In this film, "Wikipedians," the folks who spend their days writing and editing articles, explain how the online encyclopedia works. In addition, the parties involved discuss Wikipedia's ethics and quality of content. It quickly becomes clear that there are camps of both believers and critics. Wiki's Truth introduces us to the main players in the debate: Jimmy Wales (founder and head Wikipedian), Larry Sanger (co-founder of Wikipedia, now head of Wiki spin-off Citizendium), Andrew Keen (author of The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet Is Killing Our Culture and Assaulting Our Economy), Phoebe Ayers (a Wikipedian in California), Ndesanjo Macha (Swahili Wikipedia, digital activist), Tim O'Reilly (CEO of O'Reilly Media, the "inventor" of Web 2.0), Charles Leadbeater (philosopher and author of We Think, about crowdsourcing), and Robert McHenry (former editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia Britannica). Opening is a video by Chris Pirillo. The questions surrounding Wikipedia lead to a bigger discussion of Web 2.0, a phenomenon in which the user determines the content. Examples include YouTube, MySpace, Facebook, and Wikipedia. These sites would appear to provide new freedom and opportunities for undiscovered talent and unheard voices, but just where does the boundary lie between expert and amateur? Who will survive according to the laws of this new "digital Darwinism"? Are equality and truth really reconcilable ideals? And most importantly, has the Internet brought us wisdom and truth, or is it high time for a cultural counterrevolution?
- Object
- Web 2.0
-
Cunningham, S.: Hybrid WWW and CD-ROM systems (1998)
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- Abstract
- Reviews the particular qualities of the CD-ROM and the World Wide Web on the Internet in their separate operation, and then makes out a case for their combined use. The need for such hybrid systems results from problems of bandwidth across networks, and presumably these difficulties may be resolved as network speeds are upgraded. In the meantime hybrid CD-ROM/WWW applications have the potential to deliver the necessary bandwidth for multimedia combined with the timeliness of the Web. The author draws on experience within AGOCG (the Advisory Group Computer graphics: a JISC initiative)
-
Schlüter, C.: ¬Der blinde Fleck im System des Wissens (2005)
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- Content
- "Manche Begriffe sind das Geld nicht wert, das sie nicht kosten. Der Begriff "Projekt" gehört in jedem Fall dazu, denn er bezeichnet mittlerweile alles und bedeutet aus genau diesem Grunde nichts. So genügt es bereits, eine Absicht zu haben, um ein "Projekt" zu verfolgen. Wer aber hätte im Laufe eines Tages nicht die eine oder andere Absicht? Das Kühlschrankprojekt, das Toilettenprojekt, das Beischlafprojekt ... Wo soll das nur enden? Eine Frage, die sich die Erfinder der freien Online-Enzyklopädie mit dem klingenden Namen Wikipedia so noch nicht gestellt haben. Eben dieser Umstand verrät viel über die Beschaffenheit der im Jahre 2001 gegründeten Unternehmung, die sich laut Selbstauskunft als ein stetig wachsendes "Projekt" versteht, das "von vielen ehrenamtlichen Autoren verfasste, mehrsprachige" Artikel versammelt und bei dem "alle Inhalte unter einer Lizenz stehen, die jedermann das Recht einräumt, die Inhalte unentgeltlich - auch kommerziell - zu nutzen'' zu verändern und zu verbreiten". Die Wikipedia ist überaus auskunftsfreudig' geradezu sprechend sind allerdings die Auskünfte, die sie über sich selbst erteilt. Also weiter im Text: Das Wort Wikipedia setzt sich aus "Wiki" und "Encyclopedia" zusammen. Dabei bezeichnet Wiki eine "im World Wide Web verfügbare Seitensammlung, die von den Benutzern nicht nur gelesen, sondern auch online geändert werden kann ... Der Name stammt von wikiwiki, dem hawaiianischen Wort für schnell." Als Enzyklopädie "bezeichnet man den Versuch der vollständigen und strukturierten Darstellung des Wissens zu einem bestimmten Thema oder des gesamten Wissens der Welt: Wir dürfen das vorerst so verstehen, dass es sich bei der Wikipedia um die systematische Versammlung von Inhalten handelt, die allein deswegen existiert, weil Menschen ehrenamtlich an ihr arbeiten; diese Wissensarbeiter gehören definitionsgemäß zum Begriff des Wikipedia-Projekts. Ohne Arbeit keine Enzyklopädie. Das wiederum bedeutet: Das Wissen ist an eine bestimmte - als offen bezeichnete - soziale Praxis gebunden, und zwar an das Ehrenamt, insoweit es prinzipiell von allen übernommen werden kann, von einigen aber zuverlässig übernommen werden muss.
-
¬Das Sondersammelgebiets-Fachinformationsprojekt (SSG-FI) der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen : GeoGuide, MatheGuide, Anglo-American History Guide und Anglo-American Literature Guide (www.SUB.Uni-Goettingen.de/ssgfi/); Dokumentation (1999)
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- RSWK
- Göttingen / Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek / World wide web / Elektronisches Dokument / Katalogisierung (34512) (43512) (54312)
- Subject
- Göttingen / Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek / World wide web / Elektronisches Dokument / Katalogisierung (34512) (43512) (54312)
-
Sixtus, M.: ¬Das Gemeinschaftsnetz : Im Wiki-Web können alle Surfer Seiten umschreiben und hinzufügen - so entstehen ganze Enzyklopädien (2003)
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- Content
- "Wissen ist in. Allerorten wird es zum Rohstoffdes 21. Jahrhunderts ausgerufen. Doch je mehr man weiß, desto wichtiger ist es, die Informationen professionell zu verwalten, zu organisieren und zu pflegen. Manche Unternehmen bauen dazu teure, komplexe Knowledge-Management-Systeme ins Firmennetz ein. Doch das Wissensmanagement geht einfacher - mit Wikis. Ein Wiki ist eine Sammlung dynamischer Webseiten, die über Verweise verbunden sind und alle über eine Besonderheit verfügen: Ganz unten fordert ein Button alle Surfer dazu auf, die aktuelle Seite zu verändern. Prinzipiell kann jeder jede Seite ändern, ergänzen, verbessern oder sogar löschen. Rechte-Hierarchien existieren schlicht nicht. Jeder User ist gleichzeitig Leser, Lektor, Redakteur und Autor. Seiten anlegen und verlinken geschieht in einem Arbeitsgang. Einige rudimentäre Möglichkeiten zur Textformatierung und zur Einbindung von Grafiken sowie eine Volltextsuche runden den bescheidenen Funktionsumfang eines Standard-Wikis ab - und machen es verblüffenderweise doch zu einem mächtigen Werkzeug. Geübte User erzeugen mit dem virtuellen Zettelkasten in Windeseile Strukturen, die Hunderte oder Tausende von Einzelseiten umfassen. Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten sind vielfältig: Wikis fungieren als Wissensspeicher, als Basis für gemeinsame Projektdokumentationen, als Materialanforderungsformular oder als Brainstorminghilfe in Kreativberufen. Und selbst bei der Planung von Betriebsfeiern oder als Datenbank für Kochrezepte sollen sie schon zum Einsatz kommen. Wenn jeder Nutzer jedes einzelne Dokument ändern oder löschen kann, herrscht dann nicht das Chaos? Was passiert, wenn Fehler sich einschleichen oder wichtige Passagen verschwinden? Dagegen sind die Wikis gewappnet: Mit der HistoryFunktion und über Differenzberechnungen lässt sich überblicken, wer wann was geändert hat. Bei Bedarf lassen sich alle Anderungen rückgängig machen. Jeder historische Zustand ist so mit wenigen Mausklicks wiederhergestellt. Seit 1999 setzen Teams des Mobilfunkherstellers Motorola auf Wikis als Werkzeuge für das kollaborative Arbeiten, die Lufthansa verwendet sie zur Verwaltung technischer Dokumentationen, und die Konzerne SAP und Disney experimentieren mit den wenigen hundert Kilobyte kleinen Systemen in ihren Firmennetzen. Das erste Wiki hat der Software-Entwickler Ward Cunningham im Jahr 1995 unter der Adresse c2.com/cgi/wiki ins Netz gestellt - und dort steht es heute noch. Der Begriff "Wiki" ist das hawaiianische Wort für "schnell", und genau darum ging es Cunningham: flottes, unkompliziertes Arbeiten, ohne von einem unübersichtlichen Funktionsumfang gebremst zu werden. Mittlerweile existieren etliche Klons und Weiterentwicklungen des UrWikis, in mehreren Programmiersprachen und für fast alle Computerplattformen. Die meisten stehen gratis und unter der Open-Source-Lizenz im Netz.
Die Idee des editierbaren Internets geht zurück auf den Erfinder des World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, der in seinem Buch Weaving the Web die Grundideen der Wiki-Philosophie aussprach: "Das Web editieren zu können ist genauso wichtig, wie durch es zu browsen." Aber haben Sites, an denen jeder zufällig Vorbeisurfende herumdoktern kann, überhaupt eine Überlebenschance? Wer schon einmal beobachtet hat, wie schnell offene Systeme wie Gästebücher oder Foren im Chaos versinken können, mag berechtigte Zweifel anmelden. Erstaunlicherweise funktionieren offene Wikis aber hervorragend. Beispielsweise Wikipedia: Das seit 2001 laufende Enzyklopädie-Projekt umfasst in der englischsprachigen Variante mehr als 144 000 Artikel. Das Mammutvorhaben, das Wissen der Welt in einem Wiki festzuhalten, wird nicht von einer Hand voll Autoren und Redakteuren angegangen. Vielmehr kann jeder Surfer sein persönliches Know-how dazu beisteuern. Dank der globalen Teamarbeit haben die Wikipedia-Artikel eine beachtliche Qualität erreicht - und können sich bisweilen durchaus mit professionellen und kostspieligen Nachschlagewerken messen. Der Journalist und Bestseller-Autor Sheldon Rampton verfolgt mit seinem Wiki-Projekt Disinfopedia.org speziellere Ziele: Die Enzyklopädie der Propaganda soll dokumentieren, wie PR-Unternehmen, Lobbyisten und Thinktanks die öffentliche Meinung in den USA mit Hilfe von fragwürdigen wissenschaftlichen Studien, fingierten Graswurzelbewegungen oder schlichter Verbreitung von Falschinformationen beeinflussen. Auch Disinfopedia wächst und gedeiht unter Mitarbeit der Netzbewohner, und obwohl man annehmen müsste, dass gerade ein solches politisches Projekt besonders unter Störern und Angreifern leidet, hat sich die Wiki-Technologie bisher als resistent erwiesen. Wer sich mit dem Thema Wissensmanagement beschäftigt, sollte auf jeden Fall ernsthaft prüfen, ob die kleine Wiki-Teeküche für seine Belange ausreicht. Und für manche Netzphilosophen sind die erfolgreichen Experimente mit den offenen Websites dann auch mehr als nur ein gelungenes Beispiel für gemeinschaftliches Arbeiten: Sie seien auch Beweis dafür, dass die menschliche Konstruktivität größer ist als ihre zerstörerischen Kräfte. Ein digitaler Hoffnungsschimmer."
- Date
- 17. 7.1996 9:33:22
-
Janes, J.: Introduction to reference work in the digital age. (2003)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.11, S.1237-1238 (E. Yakel): "This book provides the profession with a cogent, thorough, and thoughtful introduction to digital reference. Janes not only provides the breadth of coverage expected in an introduction, but also depth into this important topic. Janes' approach is managerial or administrative, providing guidelines for reference work that can be applied in different settings. Janes creates a decision-making framework to help reference librarians make decisions concerning how, to what extent, and in what cases digital reference services will be delivered. In this way, Janes avoids dictating a "one-size-fits-all" model. This approach is the major strength of the book. Library administrators and heads of reference services will find the administrative approach welcome by helping them think through which digital reference policies and methods will best target core constituencies and their institutional environments. However, the book deserves a broader audience as professors will find that the book fits nicely in a general reference course. For all readers, the book is readable and engaging and also challenging and questioning. The book begins with a history of reference work, nicely positioning digital reference in this tradition and noting the changes wrought by the digital age. By doing this, the author establishes both continuity and change in reference work as well as the values surrounding this activity. These values are largely those from the library community and Support people's access to information as well as activities that support the use of information. Janes closes this chapter by noting that the continuing changes in demographics, technology, and connectivity will impact reference work in ways that are not yet imaginable. This introduction sets the tone for the rest of the book. Janes defines digital reference service as "the use of digital technologies and resources to provide direct, professional assistance to people who are seeking information, wherever and whenever they need it" (p. 29). This definition covers a lot of ground. Examples include everything from a public library answering email queries to commercial ask-an-expert services. While the primary audience is librarians, Janes continually reminds readers that many others perform reference activities an the World Wide Web. Furthermore, he cautions readers that there are larger forces shaping this activity in the world that need to acknowledged. In building a framework for decision-making, Janes outlines the types of digital reference service. This discussion covers the communieations modes, such as e-mail, chat, Web forms, etc. It also analyzes the modalities by which reference service is delivered: synchronous/ asynchronous. Using these two dimensions (communication method and synchronous/asynchronous), Janes presents the variety of contexts in which digital reference can take place and then outlines the strengths and weaknesses of each of these. This translates into a decision-making framework by which readers analyze their particular setting and then select the modes and modalities that world be most effective. This is a powerful device and demonstrates the many options (and perhaps also the obstacles) for providing digital reference service.
The discussion of modes for digital reference world be incomplete without focusing an the technologies that support this activity. E-mail, Web forms, chat, instant messaging, and videoconferencing, as well as the call center based software, are now being adapted for use in libraries. The book discusses the technologies currently available and an the horizon to support digital reference services. While these sections of the book may not age well, they will provide us with a historical glimpse of the nascent development of such tools and how they were used at the beginning of the digital reference age. True to the emphasis an decision-making, the chapter an technology includes a list of functions that reference librarians world want in software to support digital reference. While no current applications have all of these features, this list provides librarians with some ideas concerning possible features that can be prioritized to aid in a selection process. Despite the emphasis an technology, Janes contextualizes this discussion with several significant issues relating to its implementation. These include everything from infrastructure, collaborative service standards, service design, user authentication, and user expectations. The sections an collaborative service models and service design are particularly interesting since they are both in their infancy. Readers wanting an answer or the "best" design of either institutional or collaborative digital reference service will be disappointed. However, raising these considerations is important and Janes points out how crucial these issues will be as online reference service matures. User authentication in the context of reference service is especially tricky since tensions can emerge between license agreements and the range of people who may or may not be covered by these contracts querying reference librarians. Finally, no discussion of digital reference is complete without a discussion of the possibility of 24/7 reference service and the ensuing user expectations. While Janes has no answers to the dilemmas these raise, he does alert libraries providing digital reference services to some of the realities. One is that libraries will get a broader range of questions, which could impact staff time, collection development to support these questions, and necessitate either a confirmation of priorities or a reprioritization of activities. Another reality is that the users of digital reference services may never have partaken of their services before. In fact, for libraries funded to serve a particular constituency (public libraries, academic libraries) this influx of users raises questions about levels of service, funding, and policy. Finally, in keeping with the underlying theme of values that pervades the book, Janes points out the deeper issues related to technology such as increasing ability to track users an the web. While he realizes that anonymous information about those who ask reference questions world provide reference librarians with a great deal of information to hone services and better serve constituencies, he is well aware of the dangers involved in collectiog patron information in electronic form.
Given that the Web is constantly changing, Janes turns bis focus to the future of digital reference. Topics include changes in reference practice, restructuring resource utilization, and the evolving reference interview. These are crucial dimensions of digital reference practice that require attention. The most intriguing of these is the changing nature of the interaction with the patron. The majority of digital reference takes place without physical, aural, or visual eines to gauge understanding or to sense conclusion of the interaction. While Janes provides some guidelines for both digital reference interviewing and Web forms, he honestly admits that reference interviewing in the technologically mediated environment requires additional study in both the asynchronous and particularly synchronous communication modalities. As previously noted, Janes is as concerned about developing the infrastructure for digital reference, as he is about the service itself. By infrastructure, Janes means not only the technological infrastructure, but also the people and the institution. In discussing the need for institutionalization of digital reference, he discusses (re)training reference staff, staffing models, and institutionalizing the service. The section an institutionalizing the service itself is particularly strong and presents a 10-step planning process for libraries to follow as they consider developing online services. The book ends with some final thoughts and exhortations to the readers. The author, as in the rest of the book, encourages experimentation, innovation, and risk taking. These are not characteristics that are automatically associated with librarians, but these qualities are not alien to readers either. The theme of planning and the value of connecting people with information pervade this chapter. In this closing, Janes subtly tells readers that his guidelines and proposals are just that-there is no magic bullet here. But he does argue that there has been good work done and some models that can be adopted, adapted, and improved (and then hopefully shared with others). In the end, Janes leaves readers with a feeling that there is a place for library reference service in the digital realm. Furthermore, he is convinced that the knowledge and skills of reference librarians are translatable into this arena. By focusing an the institutionalization of digital reference services, Janes is trying to get libraries to better position themselves in the virtual world, beside the commercial services and the plethora of Web-based information competing for the patrons' attention."
