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  • × theme_ss:"Internet"
  1. Ford, A.; Dixon, T.: Spinning the Web : how to provide information on the Internet (1996) 0.13 
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    LCSH
    HTML (Document markup language)
    Subject
    HTML (Document markup language)
  2. Ryan, S.; Leith, D.: Training with the web : Internet training in an academic library environment (1995) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    Describes the first phase of an Internet training programme, presented to academic staff at Sydnay University, New South Wales, which included a brief introduction and comprehensive review of the Internet, using NCSA Mosaic and Netscape software as preseantation tools. The programme used locally produced Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents with live and 'canned' links to Internet tools and resources. Participants were presented with a 'things to see' home page on individual workstations and were free to explore areas of interest using this home page as a starting point. They were also provided with their own Mac and DOS discs as handouts with a World Wide Web (WWW) browser and local HTML documents, some of which contained links to Internet tools and resources. An evaluation of the programme indicated the success of the WWW browsers as an aid to Internet training
    Date
    28.10.1995 13:29:53
    Source
    Australian library journal. 44(1995) no.1, S.22-26
  3. Münnich, K.; Reichelt, D.: XML-Helfer : Acht XML-Werkzeuge im Vergleich (2003) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    Die Extensible Markup Language (XML) eignet sich ideal für die plattformübergreifende Verarbeitung von Daten. Internet Pro prüft, welche kommerziellen XML-Editoren Entwickler am besten unterstützen. Vergleich mit der Freeware Peter's XML Editor
    Date
    25.10.2003 18:22:41
  4. hps: Software-Esperanto : XML ersetzt proprietäre Datenformate (2002) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    Die Extensible Markup Language (XML) erhebt den Anspruch, beliebigen Programmen beim Datenaustausch zu helfen. XML-Dokumente eignen sich für Videosequenzen, Terminkalender und besonders für E-Business-Anwendungen. Doch nicht zuletzt die Neuerungen beu StarOffice 6 und bei Webbrowsern zeigen, dass XML auch für Endanwender interessant wird
  5. Schüler, P.: Daten in Klarsichtfolie : XML macht Dokument-Strukturen transparent (2002) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    Das Web hat's vorgemacht: Informationsangebote der unterschiedlichsten Server lassen sich von überall mit einem ganz normalen Browser bedienen. Doch schon beim Versuch, Webseiten-Auszüge, etwa Tabellen, auch als solche in Word zu übernehmen, ist Handarbeit angesagt. Erst die Extensible Markup Language (XML) verspricht die Gräben zwischen verschiedenen Dateiformaten zuzuschütten
  6. Kent, R.E.: Organizing conceptual knowledge online : metadata interoperability and faceted classification (1998) 0.10 
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    Abstract
    Conceptual Knowledge Markup Language (CKML), an application of XML, is a new standard being promoted for the specification of online conceptual knowledge (Kent and Shrivastava, 1998). CKML follows the philosophy of Conceptual Knowledge Processing (Wille, 1982), a principled approach to knowledge representation and data analysis, which advocates the development of methodologies and techniques to support people in their rational thinking, judgement and actions. CKML was developed and is being used in the WAVE networked information discovery and retrieval system (Kent and Neuss, 1994) as a standard for the specification of conceptual knowledge
    Date
    30.12.2001 16:22:41
  7. Özel, S.A.; Altingövde, I.S.; Ulusoy, Ö.; Özsoyoglu, G.; Özsoyoglu, Z.M.: Metadata-Based Modeling of Information Resources an the Web (2004) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    This paper deals with the problem of modeling Web information resources using expert knowledge and personalized user information for improved Web searching capabilities. We propose a "Web information space" model, which is composed of Web-based information resources (HTML/XML [Hypertext Markup Language/Extensible Markup Language] documents an the Web), expert advice repositories (domain-expert-specified metadata for information resources), and personalized information about users (captured as user profiles that indicate users' preferences about experts as well as users' knowledge about topics). Expert advice, the heart of the Web information space model, is specified using topics and relationships among topics (called metalinks), along the lines of the recently proposed topic maps. Topics and metalinks constitute metadata that describe the contents of the underlying HTML/XML Web resources. The metadata specification process is semiautomated, and it exploits XML DTDs (Document Type Definition) to allow domain-expert guided mapping of DTD elements to topics and metalinks. The expert advice is stored in an object-relational database management system (DBMS). To demonstrate the practicality and usability of the proposed Web information space model, we created a prototype expert advice repository of more than one million topics/metalinks for DBLP (Database and Logic Programming) Bibliography data set. We also present a query interface that provides sophisticated querying fa cilities for DBLP Bibliography resources using the expert advice repository.
  8. Heflin, J.; Hendler, J.: ¬A portrait of the Semantic Web in action (2001) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    Without semantically enriched content, the Web cannot reach its full potential. The authors discuss tools and techniques for generating and processing such content, thus setting a foundation upon which to build the Semantic Web. In particular, they put a Semantic Web language through its paces and try to answer questions about how people can use it, such as, How do authors generate semantic descriptions? How do agents discover these descriptions? How can agents integrate information from different sites? How can users query the Semantic Web? The authors present a system that addresses these questions and describe tools that help users interact with the Semantic Web. They motivate the design of their system with a specific application: semantic markup for computer science.
  9. Vocabulary as a central concept in digital libraries : interdisciplinary concepts, challenges, and opportunities : proceedings of the Third International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science (COLIS3), Dubrovnik, Croatia, 23-26 May 1999 (1999) 0.08 
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    Content
    Enthält u.a. die Beiträge: Pharo, N.: Web information search strategies: a model for classifying Web interaction; Wang, Z., L.L. Hill u. T.R. Smith: Alexandria Digital Library metadata creator based an extensible markup language; Reid, J.: A new, task-oriented paradigm for information retrieval: implications for evaluation of information retrieval systems; Ornager, S.: Image archives in newspaper editorial offices: a service activity; Ruthven, I., M. Lalmas: Selective relevance feedback using term characteristics
  10. Priss, U.: Alternatives to the "Semantic Web" : multi-strategy knowledge representation (2003) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    This paper argues that the Semantic Web needs to incorporate both formal and associative structures (and possibly a multitude of other structures and strategies) to be successful. The arguments for this claim are based on an observation of successes and failures in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). 1. Introduction The WWW provides numerous challenges for information and knowledge processing activities. Information may be available but not accessible or retrievable because of language barriers or insufficient search strategies. Data mining techniques may discover implicit information in explicit data but these techniques do not necessarily guarantee that the discovered information is relevant, significant and trustworthy. During the last several decades hundreds or thousands of computer and information scientists have developed probably thousands of natural language processing and artificial intelligence techniques that were aimed at solving problems related to intelligent information processing only to encounter more and more new obstacles along the way. The latest solution, the Semantic Web, appears as an open declaration of defeat: since natural language processing and AI techniques did not provide sufficient results, it is now proposed to put the burden an the shoulder of the authors of webpages who are expected to populate their pages with metadata and additional markup. Metadata is essentially a new form of controlled vocabulary; markup - at least in the form of XML, XSL, etc - is essentially a programming language. Existing studies of the use of controlled vocabularies and indexing practices in information science and studies of teaching programming languages to "everybody" (Python, 2002) have shown that both are difficult and full of unsolved problems. This can further dampen the expectations of the success of the Semantic Web. In contrast to machines and despite numerous inter-cultural conflicts around the world, humans do communicate surprisingly successfully even across national, linguistic and cultural boundaries. The question then arises: why are humans successful at information processing tasks such as information integration, translation and communication, which computers find so difficult? One obvious answer is that human cognition is embodied and grounded in our shared experiences of living in the same world. AI researchers have theoretically explored the idea of symbol grounding in the early 1990's but so far, connectionist artificial agents with perceptual interfaces have not been integrated with a large-scale capability of symbolic representations.
  11. Yerkey, N.: Active server pages for dynamic database Web access (2001) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    Library users expect to find an increasing array of information resources on the Web, and libraries have been using that medium. However, much of what they supply on the Web is static data such as bibliographies, pathfinders, instructions, and schedules. Providing dynamic data on the Web, especially from a relational database, can be a daunting task because HTML is a markup language that has little processing power. This paper will discuss the steps necessary to provide dynamic Web access to local databases using active server pages (ASP) technology. ASP is easier to use than other methods because it imbeds scripting statements directly into the Web page, rather than relying on separate, complicated programs. Software necessary to make it work resides on the server, and the end-user does not have to worry about it. Several working examples will illustrate techniques for searching and displaying data from a Microsoft Access database using ASP.
  12. Thelwall, M.; Vann, K.; Fairclough, R.: Web issue analysis : an integrated water resource management case study (2006) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    In this article Web issue analysis is introduced as a new technique to investigate an issue as reflected on the Web. The issue chosen, integrated water resource management (IWRM), is a United Nations-initiated paradigm for managing water resources in an international context, particularly in developing nations. As with many international governmental initiatives, there is a considerable body of online information about it: 41.381 hypertext markup language (HTML) pages and 28.735 PDF documents mentioning the issue were downloaded. A page uniform resource locator (URL) and link analysis revealed the international and sectoral spread of IWRM. A noun and noun phrase occurrence analysis was used to identify the issues most commonly discussed, revealing some unexpected topics such as private sector and economic growth. Although the complexity of the methods required to produce meaningful statistics from the data is disadvantageous to easy interpretation, it was still possible to produce data that could be subject to a reasonably intuitive interpretation. Hence Web issue analysis is claimed to be a useful new technique for information science.
  13. Wright, S.E.: Leveraging terminology resources across application boundaries : accessing resources in future integrated environments (2000) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    The title for this conference, stated in English, is Language Technology for a Dynamic Economy - y in the Media Age - The question arises as to what the media are we are dealing with and to what extent we are moving away from tile reality of different media to a world in which all sub-categories flow together into a unified stream of information that is constantly resealed to appear in different hardware configurations. A few years ago, people who were interested in sharing data or getting different electronic "boxes" to talk to each other were focused on two major aspects: I ) developing data conversion technology, and 2) convincing potential users that sharing information was an even remotely interesting option. Although some content "owners" are still reticent about releasing their data, it has become dramatically apparent in the Web environment that a broad range of users does indeed want this technology. Even as researchers struggle with the remaining technical, legal, and ethical impediments that stand in the way of unlimited information access to existing multi-platform resources, the future view of the world will no longer be as obsessed with conversion capability as it will be with creating content, with ,in eye to morphing technologies that will enable the delivery of that content from ail open-standards-based format such as XML (eXtensibic Markup Language), MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), or WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) to a rich variety of display Options
    Source
    Sprachtechnologie für eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter - Language technologies for dynamic business in the age of the media - L'ingénierie linguistique au service de la dynamisation économique à l'ère du multimédia: Tagungsakten der XXVI. Jahrestagung der Internationalen Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft e.V., 23.-25.11.2000, Fachhochschule Köln. Hrsg.: K.-D. Schmitz
  14. fwt: Geheime Zeichen der Vernetzung : Web-Erfinder Tim Berners-Lee plant eine neue 'Revolution' (2001) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Das World Wide Web soll mehr leisten - das ist Ziel von WWW-Erfinder Tim Berners-Lee. Seine Strategie dabei: die Dokumente im Datennetz vermehrt mit Zusatzinformationen ausstatten, die Suchmaschinen auswerten können. Die meisten Webseiten sind mit HTMLBefehlen programmiert, der Hyper Text Markup Language. Der Code enthält den Text, der beim Abruf auf dem Bildschirm stehen soll, und weitere versteckte Informationen. Dazu zählen Verweise zu anderen Texten, Bildern oder Filmen und Angaben über den Inhalt der Seite. Dank dieser technischen Zusätze können beispielsweise Suchmaschinen Homepages automatisch in ihren Bestand aufnehmen. die Dokumente im World Wide Web sollen weit mehr verborgene Informationen kennen als bisher, erläutert Berners-Lee in der britischen Wissenschaftszeitschrift Nature (Band 410, Seite 1023). Eine Forschungsarbeit könne beispielsweise die Messergebnisse eines beschriebenen Versuchs und die dazu verwendeten Materialien maschinenlesbar kennzeichnen. Das Dokument würde sich und seinen Inhalt für andere Computer detailliert beschreiben und eine Kommunikation von einem zum anderen Rechner erleichtern. Intelligente Suchmaschinen könnten die universellen Zusatzinformationen schnell lesen, auswerten - und gezielt Fragen beantworten. Nutzer dürften dann RechercheAufträge geben wie: "Finde alle Dokumente heraus, die die Untersuchung der Erbsubstanz DNA mit Hilfe der Substanz Calcium beschreiben." Die für den Sucherfolg maßgeblichen zusätzlichen Informationen würden nicht am Bildschirm auftauchen und die Leser verwirren, sondern blieben - wie bisher die Verweise auf andere Seiten im Web - weitgehend unsichtbar im Hintergrund. "Wir sind in den frühen Tagen einer neuen Web-Revolution, die tief greifende Auswirkungen auf das Publizieren im Web und die Natur des Netzes haben wird", ist Berners-Lee optimistisch. Er hatte das World Wide Web - den grafischen und mit der Maus zu bedienenden Teil des Internets - zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre am Europäischen Zentrum für Teilchenphysik (Cern) in Genf erfunden. Seither hat es sich mit rasender Geschwindigkeit verbreitet und ist zum Schrittmacher für eine ganze Branche geworden. Heute ist Berners-Lee Direktor des World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), das Standards für das WWW entwickelt. Berners-Lee skizziert mögliche Auswirkungen des semantischen Computernetzes auf naturwissenschaftliche Forschungsarbeiten: Wissenschaftler könnten ihre Ergebnisse außerhalb eines Fachartikels publizieren. Ein zugelassener Kollegenkreis hätte Zugriff und könnte Anregungen für das weitere Vorgehen geben ohne auf die gedruckte Version der Arbeit in einem Fachjournal warten zu müssen. Ist das Science-Fiction? Berners-Lee hält dagegen. Wer hat vor einem Jahrzehnt geglaubt, dass ein computergestütztes Netz von Texten die 200 Jahre alte Tradition des akademischen Publizierens herausfordern würde?«
    Source
    Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.123 vom 29.5.2001, S.29
  15. Schmidt, M.: WWW - eine Erfindung des "alten Europa" : Vom Elektronengehirn zum world Wide Web - Inzwichen 620 Millionen Internetnutzer weltweit (2003) 0.06 
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    Content
    "Das World Wide, Web hat, wen wundert es, eine Vorgeschichte. Und zwar, und da staunt der Laie denn doch, im Internet. World Wide Web, Internet - ist denn das nicht dasselbe? Nein. Ist es nicht. Das WWW ist eine Funktion des Internet. Eine von vielen. So wie Email und Chat. Die Geschichte ist die. In den 40er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden die ersten EDV-Anlagen gebaut. In den 60er und 70er Jahren gehörten riesige Computer mit Lochkarten, Magnetbändern und Endlos-Ausdrucken zu den Prestige-Objekten von Unis, , Banken und Firmen, ehrfürchtig "Elektronengehir ne" oder ironisch "Blechtrottel" genannt. 1957 hatte das US-Verteidigungsministerium unter dem Eindruck des Sputnik-Schocks die Forschungsinstitution ARPA gegründet. Zwölf jahre später entstand das ARPAnet - ein Projekt zur Entwicklung eines Forschungsnetzes, das Universitäten und zivile wie militärische US-Einrichtungen verband. Dass die treibende Kraft das Bedürfnis gewesen sein soll, das Netz vor Bomben zu schützen, ist wohl ein Gerücht. Nach Larry Roberts, einem der "Väter" des Internet, kam dieses Argument erst später auf. Es erwies sich als nützlich für das Aquirieren von Forschungsgeldern... Die globale elektronische Kommunikation blieb nicht auf die Welt der Akademiker beschränkt. Das Big Business begann die Lunte zu riechen. Fast überall, wanderten die Handelsmärkte vom Parkett und den Wandtafeln auf die Computerbildschirme: Das Internet war mittlerweile zu einem brauchbaren Datenübermittlungsmedium geworden, hatte aber noch einen Nachteil: Man konnte Informationen nur finden, wenn man wusste, wo man suchen muss. In den Folgejahren kam es zu einer Explosion in der Entwicklung neuer Navigationsprotokolle, es entstand als bedeutendste Entwicklung das WWW -übrigens im "alten Europa", am europäischen Forschungszentrum für Teilchenphysik (CERN) in Genf. Erfunden hat es Tim Berners-Lee. Seine Erfindung war eine doppelte. Zunächst die Anwendung des schon lange bekannten Hypertextprinzipes (Ted Nelson, 1972) auf elektronische Dokumente - in der Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Und dann eine einfache von Herrn und Frau Jedermann bedienbare grafische Oberfläche, die diese Dokumente, austauscht und zur Anzeige bringt (über das Hypertext Transport Protokoll - HTTP). Die allererste Software hieß "Mosaic" und wird heute Browser genannt. Im April 1993 gab das CERN die World-Wide-Web-Software für. die Öffentlichkeit frei, zur unbeschränkten und kostenlosen Nutzung. Heute umfasst das WWW über 32 Millionen registrierte Domain-Namen, davon 5 Millionen .deDomains, und der weltweite Zugang zum Internet erreichte Ende 2002 über 620 Millionen Nutzer."
    Date
    3. 5.1997 8:44:22
  16. Maharana, B.; Nayak, K.; Sahu, N.K.: Scholarly use of web resources in LIS research : a citation analysis (2006) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - The essential purpose of this paper is to measure the amount of web resources used for scholarly contributions in the area of library and information science (LIS) in India. It further aims to make an analysis of the nature and type of web resources and studies the various standards for web citations. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, the result of analysis of 292 web citations spread over 95 scholarly papers published in the proceedings of the National Conference of the Society for Information Science, India (SIS-2005) has been reported. All the 292 web citations were scanned and data relating to types of web domains, file formats, styles of citations, etc., were collected through a structured check list. The data thus obtained were systematically analyzed, figurative representations were made and appropriate interpretations were drawn. Findings - The study revealed that 292 (34.88 per cent) out of 837 were web citations, proving a significant correlation between the use of Internet resources and research productivity of LIS professionals in India. The highest number of web citations (35.6 per cent) was from .edu/.ac type domains. Most of the web resources (46.9 per cent) cited in the study were hypertext markup language (HTML) files. Originality/value - The paper is the result of an original analysis of web citations undertaken in order to study the dependence of LIS professionals in India on web sources for their scholarly contributions. This carries research value for web content providers, authors and researchers in LIS.
  17. Lynch, V.A.: When documents deceive : trust and provenance as new factors for information retrieval in a tangled Web (2001) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    On the other hand, lack of trust motivates Lynch's observations. The Web world lacks social conventions for indexing markup, which permits struggles between those who would index the Web and those whose financial interest is in attracting the attention of the Web community. How trustworthy is Web information and how will that affect community?
  18. Arocena, G.O.; Mendelzon, A.O.; Mihaila, G.A.: Applications of a Web query language (1997) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Reports on experiences using WebSQL, a high level declarative query language for extracting information from the WWW. WebSQL takes advantage of multiplex index servers without requiring users to know about them, and integrates full-text with topology-based queries. Illustrates the use of WebSQL for application development by describing 2 applications: Web site maintenance and specialized index construction. Sketches several other possible applications. Using the library implements a client-server architecture that allows performance of interactive intelligent searches on the Web from an applet running on a browser
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:08:06
    Source
    Computer networks and ISDN systems. 29(1997) no.8, S.1305-1316
  19. Lutz, H.: Back to business : was CompuServe Unternehmen bietet (1997) 0.04 
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    Date
    22. 2.1997 19:50:29
    Source
    Cogito. 1997, H.1, S.22-23
  20. Baumgärtel, T.: "Mosaic" der Datenwelt : Vor zehn Jahren erschien der erste einfache Webbrowser - und damit die Grundlage für den Erfolg des Internets (2003) 0.04 
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    Content
    "Kornfelder. Nichts als Kornfelder, so weit das Auge reichte. Das sah Tim Berners-Lee aus dem Autofenster, als er auf dem Weg zum National Center of Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) in Urbana-Champaign zum ersten Mal in seinem Leben durch Illinois fuhr. Ein Elite-Informatik-Institut ist so ziemlich das Letzte, was man indem landwirtschaftlich geprägten amerikanischen Bundesstaat im mittleren Westen erwarten würde. Doch das NCSA spielt in der kurzen Geschichte des Internets eine entscheidende Rolle. An dem kaum bekannten Forschungsinstitut wurde vor zehn Jahren ein Computerprogramm entwickelt, dessen Bedeutung Technikhistoriker schon jetzt mit der der Dampfmaschine; oder des Telefons vergleichen: Am 22. April 1993 veröffentlichten Studenten und Mitarbeiter im Internet den Webbrowser "Mosaic" - eine Software, mit der man durch das Netz surfen kann. Auch wenn das Programm einer Öffentlichkeit jenseits von Informatikern und Netzfreaks unbekannt sein dürfte, ist seine Bedeutung gar nicht zu überschätzen: Vor "Mosaic" gab es auf der ganzen Welt einige hundert Websites, Ende 1993 waren es bereits einige tausend, und in den nächsten Jahren sollte sich ihre Zahl manchmal im Wochenrhythmus verdoppeln. Der Siegeszug des Internets begann mit "Mosaic". Das Programm hat das Internet zu einem Massenmedium gemacht. Ohne "Mosaic" gäbe es heute keine Online-Publizistik und keinen E-Commerce, kein Amazon und kein E-Bay. Nach einem halben Jahr hatten eine Million Internet-Surfer das Programm heruntergeladen. Heute finden sich Nachfolgerprogramme wie der "Netscape Navigator" oder der "Internet Explorer" auf so gut wie jedem Computer mit Internet-Anschluss. Schöpfer der historischen Software waren der Student Marc Andreessen und der wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter Eric Bina: In einem Keller des NCSA hatte sie mit einigen Kommilitonen in nächtelangen Programmier-Sessions die erste Version von "Mosaic" geschrieben. Diese Leute wollte Tim Berners-Lee im März 1993 treffen, denn er war selbst der Schöpfer des World Wide Web (WWW): 1990 hatte der britische Physiker am Kernforschungszentrum Cern in Genf einige technische Regeln definiert, die es leichter machen sollten, im Internet, einem damals noch weitgehend unbekannten akademischen Computernetzwerk, Informationen zu veröffentlichen und zu lokalisieren. Das Web erfreute sich unter Wissenschaftlern schnell einer gewissen Beliebtheit, aber die Programme, mit denen man sich im WWW bewegte, waren für Laien zu schwierig und konnten nur Text anzeigen. "Mosaic" dagegen wurde per Mouse-Klick bedient und zeigte Bilder und Grafiken. Darauf hatte Berners-Lee schon seit einiger Zeit gewartet. Denn der Wissenschaftler mit dem bescheidenen, ja fast schüchternen Auftreten hatte eine große Vision: Er wollte aus dem Internet "ein einzigartiges, universelles und leicht zu bedienendes Hypertext-Medium machen, mit dem man jede Art von Information teilen kann, wie er später in Vorträgen und Interviews immer wieder betonte. Darum hatte er in der Anfang der 90er Jahre noch kleinen und unüberschaubaren InternetSzene geduldig und mit viel Diplomatie darauf hingearbeitet, dass sein Internet-Code namens Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) als Quasi-Standard für Daten im Web akzeptiert wurde. Nachdem ihm das gelungen war, musste nun ein Programm her, das die Daten lesen konnte. Berners-Lee unterstützte die Programmierer der ersten viel versprechenden Browser -"Cello", "Arena" oder "Lynx" - per E-Mail. Die Gruppe aus dem NSCA dagegen hatte es Anfang 1993 ganz unabhängig von ihm geschafft: ein Programm für das Internet, das nicht nur Informatiker bedienen konnten! Wie ein Besessener schrieb Andreessen, der sich zeitweise von Milch und Keksen ernährte, mit seinen Kommilitonen an immer neuen und verbesserten Versionen von "Mosaic".

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