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  1. Hutchins, J.: From first conception to first demonstration : the nascent years of machine translation, 1947-1954. A chronology (1997) 0.19 
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    Abstract
    Chronicles the early history of applying electronic computers to the task of translating natural languages, from the 1st suggestions by Warren Weaver in Mar 1947 to the 1st demonstration of a working, if limited, program in Jan 1954
    Date
    31. 7.1996 9:22:19
  2. Crocetti, L.: AACR2 in edizione italiana (1997) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    An introduction to the Italian-language version of the AACR, which incorporates revisions made in 1993. Describes for reader unfamiliar with AACR2 the aims, structure and content of the rules, commenting on some problems of translating them into Italian. Cites extracts from 'The most concise AACR2 (M. Gorman)'
    Date
    29. 7.1998 10:22:48
  3. Hoffmann, G.: Hebrew subject headings : development and implementation at Bar-Ilan University (1991/92) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    Describes the Hebrew subject headings developed by the staff of the Hebrew Cataloguing Department, Bar-Ilan Univ. Library, Israel. The history of the development of the subject headings is followed by a discussion of how the library began assigning subject headings. Discusses the problems of translating and adapting LCSH and creating new subject headings in Hebrew
    Date
    22. 2.1999 13:02:44
  4. Danesi, D.: Translating Dewey into Italian (1991) 0.09 
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  5. Stegentritt, E.: Evaluationsresultate des mehrsprachigen Suchsystems CANAL/LS (1998) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    The search system CANAL/LS simplifies the searching of library catalogues by analyzing search questions linguistically and translating them if required. The linguistic analysis reduces the search question words to their basic forms so that they can be compared with basic title forms. Consequently all variants of words and parts of compounds in German can be found. Presents the results of an analysis of search questions in a catalogue of 45.000 titles in the field of psychology
  6. Fausey, J.; Shafer, K.: All my data is in SGML : now what? (1997) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Discusses the problems of translating data from SGML to other formats. Discusses solutions to this problem and identifies key features and concepts of some of the tools that address the translation problem. Discusses the Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) international standard translation specification language and its use in solving the translation problem
  7. Rey, J.: Discourse markers : a challenge for natural language processing (1997) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Analyses the role-played by discourse markers in any communication process and the complex process involved in translating them. The analysis is conducted from a pragmatic standpoint and stresses the importance of context in determining the preference for 1 marker over another. Illustrates this process, presenting examples in both French and English. Makes suggestions on parameters, which should be taken into consideration for natural language processing applications
  8. Rojas L.; Octavio, G.: Translating the DDC : the experience of the Spanish version (1997) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    When we first began discussing with Peter Paulson, executive director of OCLC Forest Press, the possibility of translating into Spanish the twentieth edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification, and even during the initial contact we had with the late John A. Humphry, we knew that the project would be a complex and hard task. The reality was that the project exceeded all expectations and was much more complex and difficult than we had anticipated. This not only made it more interesting for those who participated in its development, but also made it an extraordinary challenge, especially due to the time frame initially foreseen for its development: eight to ten months. Once we agreed with Peter Paulson on the basic terms of the project, Rojas Eberhard Editores was able to convince Information Handling Services (a company located in Denver, Colorado, known worldwide for its products and services in the field of technological information) to participate with us in this translation and publication project. Information Handling Services channeled its participation through its subsidiary in Mexico, to facilitate the integration of the project into the main zone of influence of the final product: Latin America.
  9. Totemeyer, A.-J.: Speaking from a book : the transfer of de-recorded information to the information starved (1994) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Comments that printed media and related services in Africa have failed to promote a reading culture and illiteracy is on the increase, possibly as a result of wrong assumptions on the part of so called developers. A greater understanding of the potential of oral communication in the transfer of appropriate of information from books is needed. The mediator communicates or derecords, the information in books by orally translating those parts appropriate to a specific group, in their mother tongue. 1 year certificates and 2 year diplomas in appropriate community librarianship, should be instituted to train, preferably Africans, for this work
  10. MacNeil, H.: Subject access to archival fonds : balancing provenance and pertinence (1996) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Traditionally access to archival fonds has been achieved by means of the provenance method, an indirect approach to subject access. However, subject indexing, a direct approach to achieving subject access and based on the principle of pertinence, has found favour recently in the archival community with a stronger inclination to reconcile provenance and pertinence based approaches to subject access. Discusses the 2 stages of the indexing process looking firstly at archival issues and trends relevant to the conceptual analysis of an archival fonds and secondly at issues relevant to translating indexing concepts into the terms of a scontrolled vocabulary
  11. Vellucci, S.L.: Herding cats : options for organizing electronic resources (1996) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    The rapid growth in the number of databases available via the Internet has brought about the development of a variety of methods for their organization and access. Librarians, scholars and computer engineers have each applied their own techniques to the process. Examines the strengths and weaknesses of organizational systems developed by each group and discusses the appropriateness of including remotely accessed electronic resources as part of library collections. Compares traditional methods of cataloguing with other methods, including: Text Encoding Initiative headers; browsing lists; and robot generated search indexes. For future metactalaogues to be successful, methods must be developed to use all existing organizational tools by layering, exchanging and translating data within a loosely coupled organizational system
  12. Noordermeer, T.: UseMARCON, a user controlled generic MARC converter (1998) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    With 50 different MARC formats in use globally and 10 employed in European Union national libraries problems are created in the international supply of cataloguing data and the quality of records. UseMARCON is a cooperative project of Dutch, Portuguese, UK and German national libraries using software from Jouve Systems d'Information in France to produce a generic conversion program capable of translating bibliographic records in any ISO2709 format into any other ISO2709 format using UNIMARC as a switching format. Outlines what is required in the process of conversion; describes the functionality of the software; and lists the MARC formats with which UseMARCON can operate. The project was finished in 1997
  13. Stern, B.: Internationalizing the rules in AACR2 : adopting and translating AACR2 for use in non-Anglo-American and non-English-speaking cataloging environments (1996) 0.05 
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  14. Cousins, S.A.: Enhancing subject access to OPACs : controlled vocabulary vs. natural language (1992) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Experimental evidence suggests that enhancing the subject content of OPAC records can improve retrieval performance. This is based on the use of natural language index terms derived from the table of contents and back-of-the-book index of documents. The research reported here investigates the alternative approach of translating these natural language terms into controlled vocabulary. Subject queries were collected by interview at the catalogue, and indexing of the queries demonstrated the impressive ability of PRECIS, and to a lesser extent LCSH, to represent users' information needs. DDC performed poorly in this respect. The assumption was made that an index language adequately specific to represent users' queries should be adequate to represent document contents. Searches were carried out on three test databases, and both natural language and PRECIS enhancement of MARC records increased the number of relevant documents found, with PRECIS showing the better performance. However, with weak stemming the advantage of PRECIS was lost. Consideration must also be given to the potential advantages of controlled vocabulary, over and above basic retrieval performance measures
  15. Park, K.S.; Kim, S.H.: Fuzzy cognitive maps considering time relationships (1995) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Casual knowledge is often cyclic and fuzzy, thus it is hard to represent in the form of trees. A fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) can represent casual knowledge as a sogned directed graph with feedback. Provides an intuitive framework in which to form decision problems as perceived by decision makers and to incorporate the knowledge of experts. Proposes a fuzzy time cognitive map (FTCM), which is a FCM introduced to a time relationship on arrows. Discusses the characteristics and basic assumptions of the FCM, and present a description of casual propagation in a FCM with the causalities of negative positive neutral interval [-1,1]. Develops a method of translating the FTCM, that has a different time lag, into the FTCM that has 1 or the same unit time lag, which is a value preserving translation. With the FTCM, illustrates analyzing the change of causalities among factors according to lapse of time
  16. Maniez, J.: Database merging and the compatibility of indexing languages (1997) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Compatibility is the paradise lost of information scientists, the dream of a universal communication between information languages. Paradoxically the information languages increase the difficulties of cooperation between the different information databases. This noxious side-effect has become flagrant for the latest decade since the shared cataloguing and the telecharging facilities have increased the exchanges. After defining the notion of information compatibility, the author shows that it meets the same care of semantic coherence as the information languages themselves. Then, relying on the lessons of linhuistics and automatic translating, he describes two types of viable solutions: the harmonization of several information languages (an uneasy and costly processing); and the automatic harmonization of the indexing formulas through prefabricated concordance tables, an easier solution which can however be hampered by structural discrepancies. Last he sketches a critical view of the concept of switching language
  17. Cortez, E.M.: Planning and implementing a high performance knowledge base (1999) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    This paper discusses the conceptual framework for developing a rapid-prototype high-performance knowledge base for the four mission agencies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and their university partners. These agencies include the Cooperative State Research, Education, Economic Service (CSREES), the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the Economic Research Service (ERS), and the National Agriculture Statistical Service (NASS). The knowledge base, known as REEIS (Research, Education, Economic Information System), is a data mining application, where data are extracted from text, moved into different formats, allowing then the data mining features to run inferences, visualize connections, etc. -- all generated automatically. Described are alternative data mining models along with the generalized approach to building a Warehouse architecture. Also described is the methodology used for translating system requirements into specifications and for building the REEIS prototype. The method, known as the "Rational Unified Process", is one of iteration, quality assessment, and visual modeling. The two major obstacles in the project were the normalization of disparate data repositories, and the ability to achieve an acceptable level of semantic interoperability. A metadata vocabulary model is presented to address these obstacles
  18. Jascó, P.: Searching for images by similarity online (1998) 0.04 
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    Date
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  19. Lutz, H.: Back to business : was CompuServe Unternehmen bietet (1997) 0.04 
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