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Craven, T.: ¬The representation of facets in a general concept network for index display generation (1982) 0.04

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Source: Universal classification I: subject analysis and ordering systems. Proc. of the 4th Int. Study Conf. on Classification research, Augsburg, 28.6.-2.7.1982. Ed.: I. Dahlberg

Craven, T. C.: String indexing (1986) 0.01

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Footnote: Rez. in: International classification 15(1988) S.103-104 (W. Gödert); Journal of the American Society for Information Science (1988) S.435 (J.D. Anderson); Journal of documentation 43(1987) S. (R.F. Guy); Cataloging & classification quarterly 8(1987) S.140-141 (M.A. Kascus)

Luhn, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature (1985) 0.01
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Abstract

In the optimistic 1960s the potential of the computer seemed limitless. The realization of this potential in the area of information retrieval and dissemination owes much to the creative mind of Hans Peter Luhn. A pioneer of information science, he had a mind and an imagination that could transcend the state of the art. Luhn was born in Germany, where he studied technology, physics, and accounting. He came to the United States in 1924 and in 1941, at the age of 45, he joined IBM. In the course of his twenty-year tenure at IBM, he was issued over eighty patents; at one time he held more than any other IBM employee. Luhn is credited with originating KWIC indexes, computer selective dissemination systems (SDI), computer coding schemes, and statistical techniques for automatic indexing and abstracting. Also attributed to him is the first modern use of the word "thesaurus." The selection that follows modestly presents the idea of a Keyword in Context (KWIC) index. This is the idea of automatically identifying significant or "key" words and highlighting them in context. The context in question was normally a title. Though title term or catchword indexing had been practiced for over one hundred years, the implementation of the idea in mechanized systems in the 1960s was not trivial. It required programming the computer to recognize word boundaries and then developing a means for automatically differentiating significant from nonsignificant words. Spaces were used to demarcate word boundaries and a stop list, consisting of articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, some adjectives, and some very common words, was used to differentiate significant from nonsignificant words. A difficulty with any automatic indexing limited to extracting single words from texts is the semantic indeterminancy of the extracted character strings. To disambiguate these, Luhn adopted the concordance idea, proposing to display them in the context of their titles. Specifying the meaning of an index term by couching it in "context," anticipated the later development of string index languages such as PRECIS (PREserved Context Index System). Although the selection that follows is quite short, it presents, in addition to the idea of KWIC, what at the time were two innovative ideas. One is the distinction between the dissemination and the retrieval of information, in regard to which Luhn makes a point sometimes overlooked by modern critics of KWIC. This is that different purposes require different kinds of indexes; an index that is used to disseminate information for current awareness need not be as "perfect" as one used for retrospective information retrieval. The need to alert researchers to current information quickly, and the somewhat transitory character of this information, make KWIC, albeit quick and dirty, a costeffective alternative for dissemination indexes. The second harbinger idea is a method of uniquely identifying documents for retrieval using an identification code comprising the initial characters from a document's author, title, and - interestingly - year of publication. Luhn's mind was fertile indeed and he is aptly called a pioneer of information science.

Source

Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al

Fetters, L.K.: ¬A guide to indexing software (1989) 0.01

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Footnote: Rez. in: International classification 18(1991) S.56 (R. Fugmann)

Bernier, C.L.: Subject indexes (1980) 0.00

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Armstrong, C.J.; Keen, E.M.: Workbook for NEPHIS and KWAC : Microcomputer printed subject indexes teaching package, Pt.1 (1982) 0.00

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Armstrong, C.J.; Keen, E.M.: Manual for teaching NEPHIS and KWAC : Microcomputer printed subject indexes teaching package, Pt.2 (1982) 0.00

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Lipetz, B.-A.: ¬The usefulness of indexes (1989) 0.00
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Abstract

In order to enhance indexing as a science and perhaps pave the way for futher advances in indexing technology, it is desirable for those who create indexes to reflect now and then on the fundamental objectives of their work. The concept of usefulness of indexes is discussed, and is shown to be highly subjective. Usefulness depends on the values and motives of the index users or evaluators, and it is not inherent in the index alone. Publishers are a very important class of evaluators of indexes. Publishers' values and motivations deserve the attention of indexers. The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexes as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past. However, the advent of online bibliographic database services now makes it possible for enterprising publishers to profit by using book indexesfor the secondary, or even alternate, purpose of enhancing online database services and thus attracting new readers and purchasers for books long after their original dates of publication.

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