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Footnote

Das Buch ist voll von glücklichen Erinnerungen - und weniger glücklichen. Als er als Fünfzehnjähriger aufgefordert wurde, zwei Meerschweinchen auszuwählen, die für ein Laborexperiment getötet werden sollten, erlitt er einen Schwächeanfall. Seine heftige Abneigung gegen das Töten von Tieren machte ihn zum Vegetarier und später sogar zum Veganer, der nicht nur auf alle Nahrung tierischen Ursprungs verzichtet, sondern auch auf das Tragen von Lederschuhen und -gürteln. Wie sein großes Vorbild Albert Schweitzer leidet er unter Schuldgefühlen, wenn er eine Fliege klatscht. Auf vielen Seiten kommt Hofstadters große Liebe zur Musik zum Ausdruck. Er ist ein klassischer Pianist; seine Lieblingskomponisten sind Bach, Chopin und Prokofiew, während er Bartok nicht mag. Seine Liebe zur Poesie geht so weit, dass er, neben anderen Werken, Alexander Puschkins (1799-1837) großes Versepos »Eugen Onegin« aus dem Russischen ins Englische übersetzte. Ein im Buch abgedrucktes, pfiffiges Gedicht einer begeisterten Zuhörerin besingt ein Erlebnis, dem Hofstadter symbolische Bedeutung zuweist. Als er eines Tages einen Packen Briefumschläge anfasst, staunt er über die kleine Murmel, die in der Mitte eingeklemmt zu sein scheint. Es ist aber keine Murmel, sondern nur die Stelle, an der wegen der dort zusammentreffenden Papierlagen der Stapel dicker ist. In ähnlicher Weise, sagt Hofstadter, glauben wir unser Ich eingeklemmt zwischen den Neuronen unseres Gehirns wahrzunehmen.

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Abstract

What is consciousness? How do physical processes in the brain give rise to the self-aware mind and to feelings as profoundly varied as love or hate, aesthetic pleasure or spiritual yearning? These questions today are among the most hotly debated issues among scientists and philosophers, and we have seen in recent years superb volumes by such eminent figures as Francis Crick, Daniel C. Dennett, Gerald Edelman, and Roger Penrose, all firing volleys in what has come to be called the consciousness wars. Now, in The Conscious Mind, philosopher David J. Chalmers offers a cogent analysis of this heated debate as he unveils a major new theory of consciousness, one that rejects the prevailing reductionist trend of science, while offering provocative insights into the relationship between mind and brain. Writing in a rigorous, thought-provoking style, the author takes us on a far-reaching tour through the philosophical ramifications of consciousness. Chalmers convincingly reveals how contemporary cognitive science and neurobiology have failed to explain how and why mental events emerge from physiological occurrences in the brain. He proposes instead that conscious experience must be understood in an entirely new light--as an irreducible entity (similar to such physical properties as time, mass, and space) that exists at a fundamental level and cannot be understood as the sum of its parts. And after suggesting some intriguing possibilities about the structure and laws of conscious experience, he details how his unique reinterpretation of the mind could be the focus of a new science. Throughout the book, Chalmers provides fascinating thought experiments that trenchantly illustrate his ideas. For example, in exploring the notion that consciousness could be experienced by machines as well as humans, Chalmers asks us to imagine a thinking brain in which neurons are slowly replaced by silicon chips that precisely duplicate their functions--as the neurons are replaced, will consciousness gradually fade away? The book also features thoughtful discussions of how the author's theories might be practically applied to subjects as diverse as artificial intelligence and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

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Footnote

Rez. in: The New York Review of Books, 10.01.2013 ( J. Searle): "The problem of consciousness remains with us. What exactly is it and why is it still with us? The single most important question is: How exactly do neurobiological processes in the brain cause human and animal consciousness? Related problems are: How exactly is consciousness realized in the brain? That is, where is it and how does it exist in the brain? Also, how does it function causally in our behavior? To answer these questions we have to ask: What is it? Without attempting an elaborate definition, we can say the central feature of consciousness is that for any conscious state there is something that it feels like to be in that state, some qualitative character to the state. For example, the qualitative character of drinking beer is different from that of listening to music or thinking about your income tax. This qualitative character is subjective in that it only exists as experienced by a human or animal subject. It has a subjective or first-person existence (or "ontology"), unlike mountains, molecules, and tectonic plates that have an objective or third-person existence. Furthermore, qualitative subjectivity always comes to us as part of a unified conscious field. At any moment you do not just experience the sound of the music and the taste of the beer, but you have both as part of a single, unified conscious field, a subjective awareness of the total conscious experience. So the feature we are trying to explain is qualitative, unified subjectivity.
Erwiderung von C. Koch u. G. Tononi in: The New York Review of Books, 07.03.2013 [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/can-photodiode-be-conscious/?pagination=false&printpage=true] mit einer weiteren Erwiderung von J. Searle.