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Footnote

Weitere Rez. unter: https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/view/17830/19659: "Author Charles Cole's understanding of human consciousness is built foundationally upon the work of evolutionary psychologist Merlin Donald, who visualized the development of human cognition in four phases, with three transitions. According to Donald's Theory of Mind, preceding types of cognition do not cease to exist after human cognition transitions to a new phase, but exist as four layers within the modern consciousness. Cole's narrative in the first part of the book recounts Donald's model of human cognition, categorizing episodic, mimetic, mythic, and theoretic phases of cognition. The second half of the book sets up a particular situation of consciousness using the frame theory of Marvin Minsky, uses Meno's paradox (how can we come to know that which we don't already know?) in a critique of framing as Minsky conceived it, and presents group and national level framing and shows their inherent danger in allowing information avoidance and sanctioning immoral actions. Cole concludes with a solution of information need being sparked or triggered that takes the human consciousness out of a closed information loop, driving the consciousness to seek new information.
Cole's reliance upon Donald's Theory of Mind is limiting; it represents a major weakness of the book. Donald's Theory of Mind has been an influential model in evolutionary psychology, appearing in his 1991 book Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition (Harvard University Press). Donald's approach is a top-down, conceptual model that explicates what makes the human mind different and exceptional from other animal intelligences. However, there are other alternative, useful, science-based models of animal and human cognition that begin with a bottom-up approach to understanding the building blocks of cognition shared in common by humans and other "intelligent" animals. For example, in "A Bottom-Up Approach to the Primate Mind," Frans B.M. de Waal and Pier Francesco Ferrari note that neurophysiological studies show that specific neuron assemblies in the rat hippocampus are active during memory retrieval and that those same assemblies predict future choices. This would suggest that episodic memory and future orientation aren't as advanced a process as Donald posits in his Theory of Mind. Also, neuroimaging studies in humans show that the cortical areas active during observations of another's actions are related in position and structure to those areas identified as containing mirror neurons in macaques. Could this point to a physiological basis for imitation? ... (Scott Curtis)"

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Abstract

Fast nichts ist uns Menschen so wichtig wie unser subjektives, bewusstes Innenleben - und doch wissen wir relativ wenig über seine Genese. Benjamin Libet gehört zu den Pionieren auf dem Gebiet der Bewusstseinsforschung und hat zahlreiche Experimente durchgeführt, die gezeigt haben, wie das Gehirn Bewusstsein produziert. In seinem 2004 erschienenen und jetzt auf Deutsch vorliegenden Buch Mind Time präsentiert er erstmals eine eigene Deutung seiner berühmten »Libet-Experimente«, die die aktuelle Debatte über die Bedeutung der Hirnforschung für unser Menschenbild überhaupt erst angestoßen haben. Im Zentrum der Experimente steht der Nachweis, dass jedem bewussten Prozess ein unbewusster, jedoch messbarer Prozess zeitlich vorausgeht. Diese zeitliche Differenz - die »Mind Time« - lässt den Schluss zu, dass unbewusste Prozesse in unserem Gehirn unser Bewusstsein steuern, und nicht umgekehrt das Bewusstsein »Herr im Haus« ist. Die vermeintlich freien Willensakte etwa sind längst initiiert, bevor uns ein Handlungswunsch überhaupt gegenwärtig ist. Libet behandelt die weitreichenden Folgen seiner Entdeckung nicht nur für die Willensfreiheit, sondern auch für die Identität der Person und die Beziehung zwischen Geist und Gehirn. Klar und verständlich dargestellt, ermöglichen Libets Experimente und Theorien es sowohl Spezialisten als auch interessierten Laien, an einem der spannendsten Forschungsprogramme dieser Tage teilzuhaben - der Erforschung des menschlichen Bewusstseins.

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Footnote

Das Buch ist voll von glücklichen Erinnerungen - und weniger glücklichen. Als er als Fünfzehnjähriger aufgefordert wurde, zwei Meerschweinchen auszuwählen, die für ein Laborexperiment getötet werden sollten, erlitt er einen Schwächeanfall. Seine heftige Abneigung gegen das Töten von Tieren machte ihn zum Vegetarier und später sogar zum Veganer, der nicht nur auf alle Nahrung tierischen Ursprungs verzichtet, sondern auch auf das Tragen von Lederschuhen und -gürteln. Wie sein großes Vorbild Albert Schweitzer leidet er unter Schuldgefühlen, wenn er eine Fliege klatscht. Auf vielen Seiten kommt Hofstadters große Liebe zur Musik zum Ausdruck. Er ist ein klassischer Pianist; seine Lieblingskomponisten sind Bach, Chopin und Prokofiew, während er Bartok nicht mag. Seine Liebe zur Poesie geht so weit, dass er, neben anderen Werken, Alexander Puschkins (1799-1837) großes Versepos »Eugen Onegin« aus dem Russischen ins Englische übersetzte. Ein im Buch abgedrucktes, pfiffiges Gedicht einer begeisterten Zuhörerin besingt ein Erlebnis, dem Hofstadter symbolische Bedeutung zuweist. Als er eines Tages einen Packen Briefumschläge anfasst, staunt er über die kleine Murmel, die in der Mitte eingeklemmt zu sein scheint. Es ist aber keine Murmel, sondern nur die Stelle, an der wegen der dort zusammentreffenden Papierlagen der Stapel dicker ist. In ähnlicher Weise, sagt Hofstadter, glauben wir unser Ich eingeklemmt zwischen den Neuronen unseres Gehirns wahrzunehmen.

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Abstract

What is consciousness? How do physical processes in the brain give rise to the self-aware mind and to feelings as profoundly varied as love or hate, aesthetic pleasure or spiritual yearning? These questions today are among the most hotly debated issues among scientists and philosophers, and we have seen in recent years superb volumes by such eminent figures as Francis Crick, Daniel C. Dennett, Gerald Edelman, and Roger Penrose, all firing volleys in what has come to be called the consciousness wars. Now, in The Conscious Mind, philosopher David J. Chalmers offers a cogent analysis of this heated debate as he unveils a major new theory of consciousness, one that rejects the prevailing reductionist trend of science, while offering provocative insights into the relationship between mind and brain. Writing in a rigorous, thought-provoking style, the author takes us on a far-reaching tour through the philosophical ramifications of consciousness. Chalmers convincingly reveals how contemporary cognitive science and neurobiology have failed to explain how and why mental events emerge from physiological occurrences in the brain. He proposes instead that conscious experience must be understood in an entirely new light--as an irreducible entity (similar to such physical properties as time, mass, and space) that exists at a fundamental level and cannot be understood as the sum of its parts. And after suggesting some intriguing possibilities about the structure and laws of conscious experience, he details how his unique reinterpretation of the mind could be the focus of a new science. Throughout the book, Chalmers provides fascinating thought experiments that trenchantly illustrate his ideas. For example, in exploring the notion that consciousness could be experienced by machines as well as humans, Chalmers asks us to imagine a thinking brain in which neurons are slowly replaced by silicon chips that precisely duplicate their functions--as the neurons are replaced, will consciousness gradually fade away? The book also features thoughtful discussions of how the author's theories might be practically applied to subjects as diverse as artificial intelligence and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

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Footnote

Rez. in: The New York Review of Books, 10.01.2013 ( J. Searle): "The problem of consciousness remains with us. What exactly is it and why is it still with us? The single most important question is: How exactly do neurobiological processes in the brain cause human and animal consciousness? Related problems are: How exactly is consciousness realized in the brain? That is, where is it and how does it exist in the brain? Also, how does it function causally in our behavior? To answer these questions we have to ask: What is it? Without attempting an elaborate definition, we can say the central feature of consciousness is that for any conscious state there is something that it feels like to be in that state, some qualitative character to the state. For example, the qualitative character of drinking beer is different from that of listening to music or thinking about your income tax. This qualitative character is subjective in that it only exists as experienced by a human or animal subject. It has a subjective or first-person existence (or "ontology"), unlike mountains, molecules, and tectonic plates that have an objective or third-person existence. Furthermore, qualitative subjectivity always comes to us as part of a unified conscious field. At any moment you do not just experience the sound of the music and the taste of the beer, but you have both as part of a single, unified conscious field, a subjective awareness of the total conscious experience. So the feature we are trying to explain is qualitative, unified subjectivity.
Erwiderung von C. Koch u. G. Tononi in: The New York Review of Books, 07.03.2013 [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/can-photodiode-be-conscious/?pagination=false&printpage=true] mit einer weiteren Erwiderung von J. Searle.