-
Hofstadter, D.R.: I am a strange loop (2007)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2007, H.9, S.93-94 (M.Gardner): "Unser Gehirn enthält einige hundert Mil-liarden Neuronen mit zehntausendmal so vielen Verbindungen zwischen ihnen. Durch welch unglaubliche Zauberei wird dieses Gewirr von Fäden seiner selbst bewusst, fähig, Liebe und Hass zu empfinden, Romane und Sinfonien zu schreiben, Lust und Schmerz zu fühlen und sich aus freiem Willen für Gut oder Böse zu entscheiden? Der australische Philosoph David Chalmers hat die Erklärung des Bewusstseins »das schwere Problem» genannt. Das leichte Problem ist, Unbewusstes wie Atmen, Verdauen, Gehen, Wahrnehmen und tausend andere Dinge zu verstehen. An dem schweren beißen sich Philosophen, Psychologen und Neurowissenschaftler zurzeit bevorzugt die Zähne aus und produzieren tausende Bücher. Ein aktuelles stammt von Douglas R. Hofstadter, Professor für Kognitionswissenschaft an der Universität von Indiana in Bloomington, der vor allem durch sein preisgekröntes Buch »Gödel, Escher, Bach» bekannt geworden ist. Sein neues Werk, so genial und provokant wie seine Vorgänger, ist eine bunte Mischung aus Spekulationen und Geschichten aus seinem Leben. Ein ganzes Kapitel ist einer persönlichen Tragödie gewidmet, die Hofstadter bis heute zu verarbeiten versucht: Im Dezember 1993 starb seine Frau Carol im Alter von 42 Jahren plötzlich an einem Hirntumor. In der Vorstellung von einem Leben nach dem Tod kann er keinen Trost finden; so bleibt ihm nur die Gewissheit, dass Carol in den Erinnerungen derer, die sie kannten und liebten, weiterleben wird - zumindest für eine gewisse Zeit.
Die Murmel liefert das Hauptthema des Buchs. Die Seele, das Ich, ist eine Illusion. Es ist eine »seltsame Schleife« (a strange loop), die ihrerseits von einer Unzahl von Schleifen auf einem niedrigeren Niveau erzeugt wird. So kommt es, dass der Klumpen Materie innerhalb unseres Schädels nicht nur sich selbst beobachtet, sondern sich dessen auch bewusst ist. Seltsame, genauer: selbstbezügliche Schleifen faszinieren Hofstadter seit jeher. Er sieht sie überall. Sie sind das Herzstück von Gödels berühmtem Unbeweisbarkeitssatz. Sie lauern in den »Principia Mathematica« von Russell und Whitehead, stets bereit, die Fundamente der Mathematik zu untergraben. Ihre kürzeste Form sind logische Paradoxa wie »Dieser Satz ist falsch« oder die Karte, auf deren einer Seite steht »Der Satz auf der Rückseite ist wahr« und auf der anderen »Der Satz auf der Rückseite ist falsch«. In Kapitel 21 führt er ein verstörendes Gedankenexperiment ein, das auch Thema zahlreicher Sciencefiction-Geschichten ist: Ein Mann wird, wie in »Raumschiff Enterprise«, auf einen fremden Planeten und zurück gebeamt, indem eine Maschine ihn Molekül für Molekül abscannt und die Information an den Zielort übermittelt, wo sie zur Herstellung einer exakten Kopie dieses Menschen dient. Wenn dabei das Original zerstört wird, entsteht kein philosophisches Problem. Wenn es aber erhalten bleibt - oder mit derselben Information zwei Kopien hergestellt werden -, entsteht ein Paar identischer Zwillinge mit identischen Erinnerungen. Ist der so gebeamte Mensch derselbe wie das Original oder ein anderer?
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Multimedia content and the Semantic Web : methods, standards, and tools (2005)
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- Classification
- 006.7 22
- Date
- 7. 3.2007 19:30:22
- DDC
- 006.7 22
- Footnote
- Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.3, S.457-458 (A.M.A. Ahmad): "The concept of the semantic web has emerged because search engines and text-based searching are no longer adequate, as these approaches involve an extensive information retrieval process. The deployed searching and retrieving descriptors arc naturally subjective and their deployment is often restricted to the specific application domain for which the descriptors were configured. The new era of information technology imposes different kinds of requirements and challenges. Automatic extracted audiovisual features are required, as these features are more objective, domain-independent, and more native to audiovisual content. This book is a useful guide for researchers, experts, students, and practitioners; it is a very valuable reference and can lead them through their exploration and research in multimedia content and the semantic web. The book is well organized, and introduces the concept of the semantic web and multimedia content analysis to the reader through a logical sequence from standards and hypotheses through system examples, presenting relevant tools and methods. But in some chapters readers will need a good technical background to understand some of the details. Readers may attain sufficient knowledge here to start projects or research related to the book's theme; recent results and articles related to the active research area of integrating multimedia with semantic web technologies are included. This book includes full descriptions of approaches to specific problem domains such as content search, indexing, and retrieval. This book will be very useful to researchers in the multimedia content analysis field who wish to explore the benefits of emerging semantic web technologies in applying multimedia content approaches. The first part of the book covers the definition of the two basic terms multimedia content and semantic web. The Moving Picture Experts Group standards MPEG7 and MPEG21 are quoted extensively. In addition, the means of multimedia content description are elaborated upon and schematically drawn. This extensive description is introduced by authors who are actively involved in those standards and have been participating in the work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/MPEG for many years. On the other hand, this results in bias against the ad hoc or nonstandard tools for multimedia description in favor of the standard approaches. This is a general book for multimedia content; more emphasis on the general multimedia description and extraction could be provided.
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Hodgson, J.P.E.: Knowledge representation and language in AI (1991)
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- Abstract
- The aim of this book is to highlight the relationship between knowledge representation and language in artificial intelligence, and in particular on the way in which the choice of representation influences the language used to discuss a problem - and vice versa. Opening with a discussion of knowledge representation methods, and following this with a look at reasoning methods, the author begins to make his case for the intimate relationship between language and representation. He shows how each representation method fits particularly well with some reasoning methods and less so with others, using specific languages as examples. The question of representation change, an important and complex issue about which very little is known, is addressed. Dr Hodgson gathers together recent work on problem solving, showing how, in some cases, it has been possible to use representation changes to recast problems into a language that makes them easier to solve. The author maintains throughout that the relationships that this book explores lie at the heart of the construction of large systems, examining a number of the current large AI systems from the viewpoint of representation and language to prove his point.
-
Bechtolsheim, M. von: Agentensysteme : verteiltes Problemlösen mit Expertensystemen (1992)
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- Abstract
- Problem solving in Unternehmen und Organisationen geschieht vielerorts und vernetzt. Herkömmliche Expertensysteme tragen diesem Faktum kaum Rechnung. Deshalb ist gerda die Betriebswirtschaftslehre angewiesen auf den Agentensystemansatz, bei dem Problemlösungen so modelliert werden, daß sie den realen Verhältnissen möglichst nahe kommen
-
Survey of text mining : clustering, classification, and retrieval (2004)
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- Abstract
- Extracting content from text continues to be an important research problem for information processing and management. Approaches to capture the semantics of text-based document collections may be based on Bayesian models, probability theory, vector space models, statistical models, or even graph theory. As the volume of digitized textual media continues to grow, so does the need for designing robust, scalable indexing and search strategies (software) to meet a variety of user needs. Knowledge extraction or creation from text requires systematic yet reliable processing that can be codified and adapted for changing needs and environments. This book will draw upon experts in both academia and industry to recommend practical approaches to the purification, indexing, and mining of textual information. It will address document identification, clustering and categorizing documents, cleaning text, and visualizing semantic models of text.
-
Handbuch der Künstlichen Intelligenz (2003)
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- Date
- 21. 3.2008 19:10:22
-
Hüsken, P.: Informationssuche im Semantic Web : Methoden des Information Retrieval für die Wissensrepräsentation (2006)
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- Date
- 12. 2.2011 17:29:27
-
¬The Semantic Web - ISWC 2010 : 9th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2010, Shanghai, China, November 7-11, 2010, Revised Selected Papers, Part 2. (2010)
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- Date
- 29. 7.2011 14:44:56
-
Aberer, K. et al.: ¬The Semantic Web : 6th International Semantic Web Conference, 2nd Asian Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2007 + ASWC 2007, Busan, Korea, November 11-15, 2007 : proceedings (2007)
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- Abstract
- This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the joint 6th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2007, and the 2nd Asian Semantic Web Conference, ASWC 2007, held in Busan, Korea, in November 2007. The 50 revised full academic papers and 12 revised application papers presented together with 5 Semantic Web Challenge papers and 12 selected doctoral consortium articles were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 257 submitted papers to the academic track and 29 to the applications track. The papers address all current issues in the field of the semantic Web, ranging from theoretical and foundational aspects to various applied topics such as management of semantic Web data, ontologies, semantic Web architecture, social semantic Web, as well as applications of the semantic Web. Short descriptions of the top five winning applications submitted to the Semantic Web Challenge competition conclude the volume.
-
¬The Semantic Web - ISWC 2010 : 9th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2010, Shanghai, China, November 7-11, 2010, Revised Selected Papers, Part I. (2010)
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- Date
- 29. 7.2011 14:44:56
-
Spinning the Semantic Web : bringing the World Wide Web to its full potential (2003)
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- Date
- 29. 3.1996 18:16:49
-
Information visualization in data mining and knowledge discovery (2002)
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- Date
- 23. 3.2008 19:10:22
