Search (346 results, page 18 of 18)

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Date

26.10.2008 18:29:48

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Date

22. 3.2004 14:46:50

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Date

10. 8.2007 14:22:21

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Content

Das Projekt gewann erst an Konturen, als Le Breton drei weitere Pariser Verleger für das Geschäft interessieren konnte. Als Herausgeber engagierten die vier Verleger 1746 Abbé Jean-Paul Gua de Malves, als Übersetzter Denis Diderot (1713-1784) und Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), einen glänzenden Astronomen und Mathematiker. Bevor die Arbeiten anfingen, zerstritten sich die Verleger mit Gua de Malves. Nun sollten Diderot und D'Alembert Herausgeber und Übersetzer werden. Das scheiterte zunächst daran, dass Diderot am 22. Juli 1749 nach einem berüchtigten Geheimbefehl ("lettre de cachet") verhaftet und in Vincennes inhaftiert wurde. Man hielt ihn - zu Recht, aber unbeweisbar - für den Verfasser der 1745 in Amsterdam anonym gedruckten Philosophischen Gedanken und traute ihm auch die schlüpfrigen Geschichten unter dem Titel Die indiskreten Kleinode (1748) zu. Während der Haft intervenierten die Verleger beim Kanzler d'Aguesseau. Dieser wie auch der Justizminister d'Argenson sahen in der Encyclopédie der philosophes" ein Projekt zum Ruhme Frankreichs und zur Schande Englands". Nach 103 Tagen kam Diderot wieder frei. Teile des Hofes und der Klerus beobachteten das Unternehmen Encyclopédie von Anfang an mit Misstrauen. Die Jesuiten vom Journal de Trévoux entdeckten im ersten Band ein Defizit: Es fehlten die Namen von Königen, Gelehrten, Heiligen", während viele heidnische Gottheiten" vorkamen. Sie machten die philosophes" unter dem erfundenen Wort eacouacs" zum Gespött. Noch 1952 charakterisierte die katholische Zeitschrift Études die Encyclopédie als die fürchterlichste Maschine, die jemals gegen die Religion in Stellung gebracht" wurde. Nachdem Abbé Jean-Martin de Prades - Autor des Artikels Gewissheit - in seiner Dissertation die These vertreten hatte, die Heilungen durch Jesus Christus glichen methodisch jenen des griechischen Arztes Äskulap, brach ein Sturm der Entrüstung aus. De Prades musste fliehen. Klerikale Einflüsterungen erreichten, dass der Staatsrat am 7. Februar 1752 gegen die ersten beiden Bände der Encyclopédie eine "scharfe Missbilligung" aussprach. Das war ein faktisches Verkaufsverbot, aber keine Rücknahme des Druckprivilegs. Man konnte nicht nur weiterarbeiten, sondern die Regierung bat die Herausgeber direkt weiterzumachen auch zum Schutz der Eigentumstitel der Subskribenten. Allerdings sollten künftig drei theologisch gebildete Zensoren jeden Artikel abzeichnen. Eingefädelt hatte das alles, wie Arthur M. Wilson, der beste Diderot-Kenner, gezeigt hat, Chrétien Guillaume de Malesherbes. Malesherbes war der Chef des Buchwesens und der Zensurbehörde - zugleich Freund und Förder der Encyclopédie.

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Date

3. 5.1997 8:44:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.11, S.1237-1238 (E. Yakel): "This book provides the profession with a cogent, thorough, and thoughtful introduction to digital reference. Janes not only provides the breadth of coverage expected in an introduction, but also depth into this important topic. Janes' approach is managerial or administrative, providing guidelines for reference work that can be applied in different settings. Janes creates a decision-making framework to help reference librarians make decisions concerning how, to what extent, and in what cases digital reference services will be delivered. In this way, Janes avoids dictating a "one-size-fits-all" model. This approach is the major strength of the book. Library administrators and heads of reference services will find the administrative approach welcome by helping them think through which digital reference policies and methods will best target core constituencies and their institutional environments. However, the book deserves a broader audience as professors will find that the book fits nicely in a general reference course. For all readers, the book is readable and engaging and also challenging and questioning. The book begins with a history of reference work, nicely positioning digital reference in this tradition and noting the changes wrought by the digital age. By doing this, the author establishes both continuity and change in reference work as well as the values surrounding this activity. These values are largely those from the library community and Support people's access to information as well as activities that support the use of information. Janes closes this chapter by noting that the continuing changes in demographics, technology, and connectivity will impact reference work in ways that are not yet imaginable. This introduction sets the tone for the rest of the book. Janes defines digital reference service as "the use of digital technologies and resources to provide direct, professional assistance to people who are seeking information, wherever and whenever they need it" (p. 29). This definition covers a lot of ground. Examples include everything from a public library answering email queries to commercial ask-an-expert services. While the primary audience is librarians, Janes continually reminds readers that many others perform reference activities an the World Wide Web. Furthermore, he cautions readers that there are larger forces shaping this activity in the world that need to acknowledged. In building a framework for decision-making, Janes outlines the types of digital reference service. This discussion covers the communieations modes, such as e-mail, chat, Web forms, etc. It also analyzes the modalities by which reference service is delivered: synchronous/ asynchronous. Using these two dimensions (communication method and synchronous/asynchronous), Janes presents the variety of contexts in which digital reference can take place and then outlines the strengths and weaknesses of each of these. This translates into a decision-making framework by which readers analyze their particular setting and then select the modes and modalities that world be most effective. This is a powerful device and demonstrates the many options (and perhaps also the obstacles) for providing digital reference service.