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Content

"Es gibt Menschen, für die ist "offline" keine Option. Sascha Lobo ist so jemand. Zwölf bis 14 Stunden täglich verbringt er im Internet. "Offline sein ist wie Luft anhalten", hat er mal geschrieben. Der Berliner ist eine große Nummer in der Internet-Gemeinde, er ist Blogger, Buchautor, Journalist und Werbetexter. Er ist Mitarbeiter der Firma "Zentrale Intelligenz-Agentur", hat für das Blog Riesenmaschine den Grimme-Online-Award bekommen, seine Bücher ("Dinge geregelt kriegen - ohne einen Funken Selbstdisziplin") haben Kultstatus. Und politisch aktiv ist er auch: Er sitzt im Online-Beirat der SPD. Für die Cebit 2009 hat er den Bereich Webciety konzipiert. Dazu gehört der "Messestand der Zukunft", wie er sagt. Alles, was der Aussteller mitbringen muss, ist ein Laptop. Youtube wird dort vertreten sein, die Macher des Social Bookmarking-Werkzeugs "Mister Wong", aber auch Vertreter von DNAdigital, einer Plattform, auf der sich Unternehmen und Jugendliche über die Entwicklung des Internets austauschen. Webciety ist ein Kunstbegriff, der sich aus Web und Society zusammensetzt, und die vernetzte Gesellschaft bedeutet. Ein Großteil der sozialen Kommunikation - vor allem innerhalb einer Altersstufe - findet inzwischen im Netz statt. Dabei sind es nicht nur die Teenager, die sich bei SchülerVZ anmelden, oder die BWL-Studenten, die bei Xing berufliche Kontakte knüpfen wollen. Laut der aktuellen Studie "Digitales Leben" der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ist jeder zweite deutsche Internetnutzer in mindestens einem Online-Netzwerk registriert. "Da kann man schon sehen, dass ein gewisser Umschwung in der gesamten Gesellschaft zu bemerken ist. Diesen Umschwung kann man durchaus auch auf der Cebit würdigen", sagt Lobo. Er hat angeblich 80 Prozent seiner Freunde online kennen gelernt. "Das hätte ich nicht gemacht, wenn ich nichts von mir ins Netz gestellt hätte." Für ihn sind die Internet-Netzwerke aber keineswegs die Fortsetzung des Poesiealbums mit anderen Mitteln: "Wovor man sich hüten sollte, ist, für alles, was im Netz passiert, Entsprechungen in der Kohlenstoffwelt zu finden. Eine Email ist eben kein Brief, eine SMS ist keine Postkarte."

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Abstract

Consider a sentence such as "the current price of tea in China is 35 cents per pound." In a library with millions of books we might find many statements of the above form that we could capture today with relatively simple rules: rather than pursuing every variation of a statement, programs can wait, like predators at a water hole, for their informational prey to reappear in a standard linguistic pattern. We can make inferences from sentences such as "NAME1 born at NAME2 in DATE" that NAME more likely than not represents a person and NAME a place and then convert the statement into a proposition about a person born at a given place and time. The changing price of tea in China, pedestrian birth and death dates, or other basic statements may not be truth and beauty in the Phaedrus, but a digital library that could plot the prices of various commodities in different markets over time, plot the various lifetimes of individuals, or extract and classify many events would be very useful. Services such as the Syllabus Finder1 and H-Bot2 (which Dan Cohen describes elsewhere in this issue of D-Lib) represent examples of information extraction already in use. H-Bot, in particular, builds on our evolving ability to extract information from very large corpora such as the billions of web pages available through the Google API. Aside from identifying higher order statements, however, users also want to search and browse named entities: they want to read about "C. P. E. Bach" rather than his father "Johann Sebastian" or about "Cambridge, Maryland", without hearing about "Cambridge, Massachusetts", Cambridge in the UK or any of the other Cambridges scattered around the world. Named entity identification is a well-established area with an ongoing literature. The Natural Language Processing Research Group at the University of Sheffield has developed its open source Generalized Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) for years, while IBM's Unstructured Information Analysis and Search (UIMA) is "available as open source software to provide a common foundation for industry and academia." Powerful tools are thus freely available and more demanding users can draw upon published literature to develop their own systems. Major search engines such as Google and Yahoo also integrate increasingly sophisticated tools to categorize and identify places. The software resources are rich and expanding. The reference works on which these systems depend, however, are ill-suited for historical analysis. First, simple gazetteers and similar authority lists quickly grow too big for useful information extraction. They provide us with potential entities against which to match textual references, but existing electronic reference works assume that human readers can use their knowledge of geography and of the immediate context to pick the right Boston from the Bostons in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), but, with the crucial exception of geographic location, the TGN records do not provide any machine readable clues: we cannot tell which Bostons are large or small. If we are analyzing a document published in 1818, we cannot filter out those places that did not yet exist or that had different names: "Jefferson Davis" is not the name of a parish in Louisiana (tgn,2000880) or a county in Mississippi (tgn,2001118) until after the Civil War.

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Abstract

Lena Forsén, the real human behind the Lenna image, was first published in Playboy in 1972. Soon after, USC engineers searching for a suitable test image for their image processing research sought inspiration from the magazine. They deemed Lenna the right fit and scanned the image into digital, RGB existence. From here, the story of the image follows the story of the internet. Lenna was one of the first inhabitants of ARPANet, the internet's predecessor, and then the world wide web. While the image's reach was limited to a few research papers in the '70s and '80s, in 1991, Lenna was featured on the cover of an engineering journal alongside another popular test image, Peppers. This caught the attention of Playboy, which threatened a copyright infringement lawsuit. Engineers who had grown attached to Lenna fought back. Ultimately, they prevailed, and as a Playboy VP reflected on the drama: "We decided we should exploit this because it is a phenomenon." The Playboy controversy canonized Lenna in engineering folklore and prompted an explosion of conversation about the image. Image hits on the internet rose to a peak number in 1995.

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Content

National FRBR experiments The larger the bibliographic database, the greater the effect of "FRBR-like" design in reducing the appearance of duplicate records. LC, RLG, and OCLC, all influenced by FRBR, are experimenting with the redesign of their databases. LC's Network Development and MARC Standards Office has posted at its web site the results of some of its investigations into FRBR and MARC, including possible display options for bibliographic information. The design of RLG's public catalog, RedLightGreen, has been described as "FRBR-ish" by Merrilee Proffitt, RLG's program officer. If you try a search for a prolific author or much-published title in RedLightGreen, you'll probably find that the display of search results is much different than what you would expect. OCLC Research has developed a prototype "frbrized" database for fiction, OCLC FictionFinder. Try a title search for a classic title like Romeo and Juliet and observe that OCLC includes, in the initial display of results (described as "works"), a graphic indicator (stars, ranging from one to five). These show in rough terms how many libraries own the work-Romeo and Juliet clearly gets a five. Indicators like this are something resource sharing staff can consider an "ILL quality rating." If you're intrigued by FRBR's possibilities and what they could mean to resource sharing workflow, start talking. Now is the time to connect with colleagues, your local and/or consortial system vendor, RLG, OCLC, and your professional organizations. Have input into how systems develop in the FRBR world."