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Abstract

In this lecture I intend to challenge those who uphold a monist or even a dualist view of the universe; and I will propose, instead, a pluralist view. I will propose a view of the universe that recognizes at least three different but interacting sub-universes.

Source

https%3A%2F%2Ftannerlectures.utah.edu%2F_documents%2Fa-to-z%2Fp%2Fpopper80.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3f4QRTEH-OEBmoYr2J_c7H

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Source

Journal of library history; philosophy and comparative librarianship. 6(1971), S.133-152

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Content

A. General Works. Polygraphy 1 // B. Philosophy and Religion. P. 1.2. // 1. B-BJ: Philosophy 2 // 2. BL - BX: Religion 3 // C. Auxilary sciences of history 4 // D. History. General and old world 5 // E-F. History. America 6 // H. Social Sciences 7 // J. Political Science 8 // K. Law // KD: Law of the United Kingdom and Ireland 9 // KF: Law of the United States 10 // L. Education 11 // M. Music and books on music 12 // N. Fine Arts 13 // P. Philology and Literature // P-PA: Philology, Linguistics, Classical philology, Classical literature 14 // PA, Suppl. Byzantine and modern Greek literature, Medieval and modern Latin literature 15 // PB-PH: Modern European languages 16 // PG (in part) Russian literature 17 // PJ-PM: Languages and literatures of Asia, Africa, Oceania, America, Mixed languages, Artificial languages 18 // P-PM, Suppl. Index to languages and dialects 19 // PN, PR, PS, PZ: Literature /general), English and American literatures, Fiction in English, Juvenile literature 20 // PQ. 1.: French literature 21 // PQ. 2.: Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literatures 22 // PT. 1.: German literature 23 // PT. 2.: Dutch and Scandinavian literatures 24 // Q. Science 25 // R. Medicine 26 // S. Agriculture, plant and animal industry, fish culture and fisheries, Hunting sports 27 // T. Technology 28 U. Military Science 29 // V. Naval Science 30 // Z. Bibliography and Library Science 31

Footnote

Grundwerk unter dem Titel: The Library of Congress. Classification

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Footnote

DOI: 10.24894/HWPh.5033. Vgl. unter: https://www.schwabeonline.ch/schwabe-xaveropp/elibrary/start.xav#__elibrary__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27verw.allgemeinesbesonderes%27%5D__1515856414979.

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Footnote

Online unter: https://hwph.ch/ bzw. https://www.schwabeonline.ch/schwabe-xaveropp/elibrary/start.xav#__elibrary__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27hwph_productpage%27%5D__1515856966402.

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Content

Die Sprache ist in unserem Jahrhundert zu einem der aktuellsten Themen der Philosophie geworden. Der Anstoß zur Beschäftigung mit der Sprache hat sich von den verschiedensten philosophischen Fragestellungen her ergeben: von der Erkenntnistheorie durch eine Wendung der Vernunftkritik in eine Sprachkritik, von der Logik aufgrund ihrer Beschäftigung mit Kunstsprachen und mit der logischen Analyse der natürlichen Sprachen, von der Anthropologie durch die Hervorhebung der Sprache als wesensbestimmender Leistung des Menschen und durch die Entdeckung von Korrelationen zwischen Sprachform und Weltbild, von der Ethik durch ihre Beschäftigung mit den sprachlichen Formen ethischer Aussagen und deren Abgrenzung gegenüber deskriptiven Sätzen. Ganz allgemein läßt sich diese philosophische Hinwendung zur Sprache auch an dem Wandel in der Formulierung philosophischer Probleme ablesen. Wo man früher z.B. nach der "Natur der Kausalität" fragte, oder nach dem "Inhalt des Begriffes der Kausalität", empfindet man es heute als adäquater, das Problem als eine Frage nach dem Wortgebrauch zu formulieren und zu fragen: "Was sagt man, wenn man sagt, daß ein Ereignis A ein Ereignis B bewirkt? "' Die philosophische Aufmerksamkeit hat sich im Verlauf dieser Entwicklung teilweise so ausschließlich auf die Sprache konzentriert, daß man Philosophie überhaupt mit Sprachkritik identifiziert hat. Das gilt insbesondere für die beiden Hauptströmungen der analytischen Philosophie, für die von Bertrand Russell ausgehende und sich über Rudolf Carnap zu Nelson Goodman und Willard van Orman Quine fortsetzende Bestrebung einer logischen Analyse der Wissenschaftssprache, speziell der philosophischen Sprache, in der man versucht, den Sinn der Terme und Sätze dieser Sprache mit den Hilfsmitteln der modernen Logik zu klären und zu präzisieren, und, mehr noch, für die von George Edward Moore ausgehende, dann durch Ludwig Wittgenstein geprägte und in der Ordinary-LanguagePhilosophie der Oxforder Schule (Gilbert Ryle, John Langshaw Austin) fortentwickelte andere Hauptrichtung der analytischen Philosophie, in der man versucht, die philosophische Sprache durch die Analyse des umgangssprachlichen Gebrauchs ihrer Terme zu klären.
Schon Gottlob Frege sagt im Vorwort zu seiner "Begriffsschrift": "Wenn es eine Aufgabe der Philosophie ist, die Herrschaft des Wortes über den menschlichen Geist zu brechen, indem sie die Täuschungen aufdeckt, die durch den Sprachgebrauch über die Beziehungen der Begriffe oft fast unvermeidlich entstehen, indem sie den Gedanken von demjenigen befreit, womit ihn allein die Beschaffenheit des sprachlichen Ausdrucksmittels behaftet, so wird meine Begriffsschrift, für diese Zwecke weiter ausgebildet, den Philosophen ein brauchbares Werkzeug werden können." Aus dem "Wenn"-Satz Freges wird dann eine kategorische Behauptung und schon für Russell besteht die wichtigste Aufgabe der Philosophie "in criticizing and clarifying notions which are apt to be regarded as fundamental and accepted uncritically. As instances I might mention: mind, matter, consciousness, knowledge, experience, causality, will, time." Und Carnap schreibt im Vorwort zur 2. Auflage seines Buches "Der logische Aufbau der Welt": "Die neuen Bestimmungen [der Begriffe] sollen den alten in Klarheit und Exaktheit überlegen sein und sich vor allem besser in ein systematisches Begriffsgebäude einfügen. Eine solche Begriffserklärung, heute oft "Explikation" genannt, scheint mir immer noch eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Philosophie zu sein." Für Wittgenstein ist schon im "Traktat" alle Philosophie Sprachkritik und in den "Philosophischen Un-tersuchungen" ist Philosophie nichts anderes als ein ständiger Kampf gegen die "Verhexung unsres Verstandes durch die Mittel unserer Sprache"." Für viele Anhänger der Ordinary-Language-Philosophie endlich bedeutet die Hinwendung der Philosophie zur Sprache, der "linguistic turn", die große Revolution der modernen Philosophie. So sagt Austin: ". . . it cannot be doubted that they [diese Methoden der Sprachkritik] are producing a revolution in philosophy. If anyone wishes to call it the greatest and most salutary in its history, this is not, if you come to think of it, a large claim."
Angesichts der Vielzahl von philosophischen Bestrebungen und Richtungen, die sich unter den Titel einer Sprachphilosophie sammeln, kann es nicht Wunder nehmen, daß dieser Titel keinen präzisen und wohlbestimmten Inhalt hat. Daher wollen wir kurz umreißen, mit welchen Themen sich diese Arbeit beschäftigen soll, und welche Absichten uns dabei leiten. Wir wollen im folgenden, zunächst ganz generell gesagt, Funktion und Leistung der Sprache untersuchen. Aus der Fülle der Fragen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang stellen lassen, wollen wir drei Problemkreise herausgreifen, die uns von besonderer und grundsätzlicher Bedeutung zu sein scheinen: Das Problem der grammatischen Gliederung und Synthese sprachlicher Ausdrücke, das Problem ihrer Bedeutung und das Problem des Anteils der Sprache an der Erfahrung. Nach einigen Vorbemerkungen beginnen wir im 2. Kapitel mit der Erörterung des grammatischen Problems, wie die sprachliche Zusammenfügung bedeutungsvoller Ausdrücke zu neuen Sinneinheiten funktioniert. Dabei wird noch nicht untersucht, worin die Bedeutung der Elemente der grammatischen Fügungen besteht und wie sie bestimmt wird, sondern es wird nur gefragt, wie sich die Bedeutung der Ausdrucksgruppen aus der Bedeutung der einzelnen Ausdrücke bestimmt. Die Frage, worin die Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke besteht, wie sie festgelegt wird und wie sprachliche Mitteilung funktioniert, wird dann im 3. Kapitel behandelt. Im 4. Kapitel endlich wird das Verhältnis von Sprache und Erfahrung diskutiert, die Frage, inwieweit sich in den Formen einer Sprache gewisse Interpretationsschemata für die Erfahrung ausdrücken, inwieweit die Formen der Sprache die Art und Weise prägen, wie die Wirklichkeit erfahren wird.

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Abstract

In the past fifty years scientists have begun to discover how the human brain functions. In this book Wilder Penfield, whose work has been at the forefront of such research, describes the current state of knowledge about the brain and asks to what extent recent findings explain the action of the mind. He offers the general reader a glimpse of exciting discoveries usually accessible to only a few scientists. He writes: "Throughout my own scientific career I, like other scientists, have struggled to prove that the brain accounts for the mind. But perhaps the time has come when we may profitably consider the evidence as it stands, and ask the question . . . Can the mind be explained by what is now known about the brain?" The central question, he points out, is whether man's being is determined by his body alone or by mind and body as separate elements. Before suggesting an answer, he gives a fascinating account of his experience as a neurosurgeon and scientist observing the brain in conscious patients.

Content

Inhalt: 1. Sherringtonian Alternatives-Two Fundamental Elements or Only One? 2. To Consciousness the Brain Is Messenger 3. Neuronal Action within the Brain 4. Sensory and Voluntary-Motor Organization 5. The Indispensable Substratum of Consciousness 6. The Stream of Consciousness Electrically Reactivated 7. Physiological Interpretation of an Epileptic Seizure 8. An Early Conception of Memory Mechanisms - And a Late Conclusion 9. The Interpretive Cortex 10. An Automatic Sensory-Motor Mechanism 11. Centrencephalic Integration and Coordination 12. The Highest Brain-Mechanism 13. The Stream of Consciousness 14. Introspection by Patient and Surgeon 15. Doubling of Awareness 16. Brain as Computer, Mind as Programmer 17. What the Automatic Mechanism Can Do 18. Recapitulation 19. Relationship of Mind to Brain-A Case Example 20. Man's Being-A Choice Between Two Explanations 21. ComprehensibilityReflections.

LCSH

Mind / Body Relations (Metaphysics)

Subject

Mind / Body Relations (Metaphysics)

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Footnote

Originaltitel: The phenomenon of life <dt.>. Erstveröff. im Verl. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1973 u.d.T.: Jonas, Hans: Organismus und Freiheit.

LCSH

Biology / Philosophy

Subject

Biology / Philosophy

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Source

Entropy and information in science and philosophy. Ed.: L. Kubat u. J. Zeman

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Abstract

The present paper is offered as the first of a series of articles in which PRECIS will be reviewed as a potential multi-lingual system, having in mind the obvious need, notably in a European context, for standard and language independent methods of subject analysis and document description. This first paper outlines the origins of PRECIS, and considers its use in English language indexing. A second paper will deal in general terms with the syntactical model which is used for producing PRECIS input strings and index entries. Later papers will then review the application of this model to indexing in, firstly, the Germanic languages (e.g. German and Danish), and, secondly, the Romance languages, illustrated by French.

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Footnote

Vgl. auch: Rieger, B.: Unscharfe Semantik natürlicher Sprache. Zum Problem der Repräsentation und Analyse vager Wortbedeutung. Unter: http://www.ldv.uni-trier.de/ldv_archiv/http/www/public_html/ldvpage/rieger/pub/aufsaetze/scharf/scharf81.html.

LCSH

Language and languages / Philosophy

Subject

Language and languages / Philosophy

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Date

3.10.2000 20:48:22

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Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 22(1971) no.4, S.289-290

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Source

Mitteilungsblatt. VdB NW. N.F. 22(1972), S.117-131

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Date

22. 5.2005 19:52:29

Source

Toward a theory of librarianship. Papers in honor of J.H. Shera. Ed. by H. Rawski

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Content

SIMON, H.R.: Introduction: why analyze bibliographies?; MARTYN, J.: Secondary services and the rising tide of paper; BROOKES, B.C.: Numerical methods of bibliographic analysis; THOMPSON, L.S.: The humanities: a state of the art report; BOTTLE, R.T.: Information obtainable from analyses of scientific bibliographies; SIMON, H.R.: Outlook: the analyses of bibliographies in the future

Source

Library trends. 22(1973), no.1

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Source

Indexer. 11(1978), S.14-22

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Pages

22 S