Search (28 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

From classification to knowledge organization through subject indexing the field has been so rapidly growing that it is difficult to demarcate its boundaries. Knowledge organization is viewed in the sense of conglomeration of activities to sort and order knowledge, to acquire, ufilize, evaluate, represent and communicate knowledge for problem solving. It has been no simple matter to decide what should be included in and excluded from such a dictionary. Broadly speaking the terms an the following topics are included in the work : Knowledge, Epistemology, Concepts, Terminology and Vocabulary control ; Classification systems, their design, theory and practice of classification, Subject analysis; fundamental categories and facets, Content and Text analysis, Use of classification in online systems and an the web. Subject cataloguing : subject headings, Thesauri and alphabetical indexing languages : Keyword, chain and string indexes, Knowledge representation, Classification for access and retrieval, Cognitive aspects of information- seeking behaviour, Automatic classification, Descriptive cataloguing : Theory, kinds, levels, standards and codes, OPACs, all are covered in this work. Like any other such work of this sort, it is an electic compilation. The work proposes to be descriptive rather than prescriptive. Endeavour is to find brief simple, logical and consensual meaning of terms, and append brief description of a concept or an issue with explanation, examples and comments in a bottom up way. Some current topics denoted by phrases have also been included. At times it may give the look of a concise encyclopaedic dictionary. Terms fully describe concepts and methods, and may evoke some thoughts an current and classic issues in the field.

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Date

3. 4.1996 15:41:22

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Date

22. 7.2004 9:54:37

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Abstract

Komplette Textsubstanz aller 30 Bände + Zusatz- und Quellentexte mit nahezu demselben Umfang wie die Brockhaus Enzyklopädie Umfassende Recherchemöglichkeiten, einschließlich natürlichsprachlicher Suchhilfe Frei dreh- und zoombarer 3-D-Globus mit mehr als 2 Millionen geografischen Karteneinträgen 25000 Bilder und Zugang zur Bilddatenbank der dpa mit mehr als 2 Millionen Bildern 280 Videos, 140 Animationen, 6000 Audios, 22 000 kommentierte Weblinks u.v. m. Zugriff auf die Brockhaus Enzyklopädie Online (auch per minibrowserfähigem PDA, Smartphone oder Pocket-PC*), kostenlos bis 31.12.2010 1 USB-Memory-Stick in Docking-Station Für Windows

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Abstract

The Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 14th Edition 2001, has been developed under the auspices of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) of the National Library of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education. Its content reflects ERIC's 34 years of monitoring the educational literature. This 14th edition is the result of ERIC's continued efforts to maintain quality in its controlled vocabulary and to respond to the changing nature of education. As in previous editions, the Thesaurus reflects ERIC's response to the needs of the educational user community. ERIC remains committed to maintaining a Thesaurus that represents the definitive vocabulary for education. The 2001 edition contains 10,773 vocabulary terms, of which 5,963 are main-entry Descriptors and 4,810 are non-indexable USE references or "Dead" terms. New terms not appearing in previous editions include 206 Descriptors and 210 USE references. This edition also reflects several hundred Scope Notes and Cross-reference modifications to earlier Descriptor displays. Again as in the past, the Thesaurus revision has been made possible by the joint efforts and sound judgments of personnel throughout the entire ERIC system responding to both the literature and the users in the field. ERIC vocabulary coordinators, who, as members of the systemwide "Vocabular Review Group," oversee this effort, are listed below.

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Date

22. 7.2000 18:06:10

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Abstract

First published in 1928, the Aslib directory is the leading information sources reference work an organisations of all kinds. Now in its 12th edition, its diversity is reflected by its wide spectrum of entries. The Aslib Directory of Information Sources in the United Kingdom provides instant access to listings of over 11,000 associations, clubs, commissions, government bodies and other organisations which provide information freely or an a fee-paying basis. Each entry is listed alphabetically and includes: . The organisation's name and contact details . Organisation type and purpose Publications and collections, where appropriate The directory also contains a comprehensive index of over 10,000 acronyms and abbreviations, and a substantial cross-referenced subject index.

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Abstract

This work is a comprehensive, thoroughly annotated directory filled with hundreds of esteemed resources published in the field of zoology

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 34(2007) no.1, S.58-60 (P. Buizza): "This Nuovo soggettario is the first sign of subject indexing renewal in Italy. Italian subject indexing has been based until now on Soggettario per i cataloghi delle biblioteche italiane (Firenze, 1956), a list of preferred terms and see references, with suitable hierarchical subdivisions and cross references, derived from the subject catalogue of the National Library in Florence (BNCF). New headings later used in Bibliografia nazionale italiana (BNI) were added without references, nor indeed with any real maintenance. Systematic instructions on how to combine the terms are lacking: the indexer using this instrument is obliged to infer the order of terms absent from the lists by consulting analogous entries. Italian libraries are suffering from the limits of this subject catalogue: vocabulary is inadequate, obsolete and inconsistent, the syndetic structure incomplete and inaccurate, and the syntax ill-defined, poorly explained and unable to reflect complex subjects. In the nineties, the Subject Indexing Research Group (Gruppo di ricerca sull'indicizzazione per soggetto, GRIS) of the AIB (Italian Library Association) developed the indexing theory and some principles of PRECIS and drew up guidelines based on consistent principles for vocabulary, semantic relationships and subject string construction, the latter according to role syntax (Guida 1997). In overhauling the Soggettario, the National Library in Florence aimed at a comprehensive indexing system. (A report on the method and evolution of the work has been published in Knowledge Organization (Lucarelli 2005), while the feasibility study is available in Italian (Per un nuovo Soggettario 2002). Any usable terms from the old Soggettario will be transferred to the new system, while taking into consideration international norms and interlinguistic compatibility, as well as applications outside the immediate library context. The terms will be accessible via a suitable OPAC operating on the most advanced software.
The guide Nuovo soggettario was presented on February 8' 2007 at a one-day seminar in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, in front of some 500 spellbound people. The Nuovo soggettario comes in two parts: the guide in book-form and an accompanying CD-ROM, by way of which a prototype of the thesaurus may be accessed on the Internet. In the former, rules are stated; the latter contains a pdf version of the guide and the first installment of the controlled vocabulary, which is to be further enriched and refined. Syntactic instructions (general application guidelines, as well as special annotations of particular terms) and the compiled subject strings file have yet to be added. The essentials of the new system are: 1) an analytic-synthetic approach, 2) use of terms (units of controlled vocabulary) and subject strings (which represent subjects by combining terms in linear order to form syntactic relationships), instead of main headings and subdivisions, 3) specificity of terms and strings, with a view to the co-extension of subject string and subject matter and 4) a clear distinction between semantic and syntactic relationships, with full control of them both. Basic features of the vocabulary include the uniformity and univocality of terms and thesaural management of a priori (semantic) relationships. Starting from its definition, each term can be categorially analyzed: four macro-categories are represented (agents, action, things, time), for which there are subcategories called facets (e.g., for actions: activities, disciplines, processes), which in turn have sub-facets. Morphological instructions conform to national and international standards, including BS 8723, ANSI/ NISO Z39.19 and the IFLA draft of Guidelines for multilingual thesauri, even for syntactic factorization. Different kinds of semantic relationships are represented thoroughly, and particular attention is paid to poly-hierarchies, which are used only in moderation: both top terms must actually be relevant. Node labels are used to specify the principle of division applied. Instance relationships are also used.
An entry is structured so as to present all the essential elements of the indexing system. For each term are given: category, facet, related terms, Dewey interdisciplinary class number and, if necessary; definition or scope notes. Sources used are referenced (an appendix in the book lists those used in the current work). Historical notes indicate whenever a change of term has occurred, thus smoothing the transition from the old lists. In chapter 5, the longest one, detailed instructions with practical examples show how to create entries and how to relate terms; upper relationships must always be complete, right up to the top term, whereas hierarchies of related terms not yet fully developed may remain unfinished. Subject string construction consists in a double operation: analysis and synthesis. The former is the analysis of logical functions performed by single concepts in the definition of the subject (e.g., transitive actions, object, agent, etc.) or in syntactic relationships (transitive relationships and belonging relationship), so that each term for those concepts is assigned its role (e.g., key concept, transitive element, agent, instrument, etc.) in the subject string, where the core is distinct from the complementary roles (e.g., place, time, form, etc.). Synthesis is based on a scheme of nuclear and complementary roles, and citation order follows agreed-upon principles of one-to-one relationships and logical dependence. There is no standard citation order based on facets, in a categorial logic, but a flexible one, although thorough. For example, it is possible for a time term (subdivision) to precede an action term, when the former is related to the latter as the object of action: "Arazzi - Sec. 16.-17. - Restauro" [Tapestry - 16th-17th century - Restoration] (p. 126). So, even with more complex subjects, it is possible to produce perfectly readable strings covering the whole of the subject matter without splitting it into two incomplete and complementary headings. To this end, some unusual connectives are adopted, giving the strings a more discursive style.
Thesaurus software is based on AgroVoc (http:// www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm) provided by the FAO, but in modified form. Many searching options and contextualization within the full hierarchies are possible, so that the choice of morphology and syntax of terms and strings is made easier by the complete overview of semantic relationships. New controlled terms will be available soon, thanks to the work in progress - there are now 13,000 terms, of which 40 percent are non-preferred. In three months, free Internet access by CD-ROM will cease and a subscription will be needed. The digital version of old Soggettario and the corresponding unstructured lists of headings adopted in 1956-1985 are accessible together with the thesaurus, so that the whole vocabulary, old and new, will be at the fingertips of the indexer, who is forced to work with both tools during this transition period. In the future, it will be possible to integrate the thesaurus into library OPACs. The two parts form a very consistent and detailed resource. The guide is filled with examples; the accurate, clearly-expressed and consistent instructions are further enhanced by good use of fonts and type size, facilitating reading. The thesaurus is simple and quick to use, very rich, albeit only a prototype; see, for instance, a list of DDC numbers and related terms with their category and facet, and then entries, hierarchies and so on, and the capacity of the structure to show organized knowledge. The excellent outcome of a demanding experimentation, the intended guide welcomes in a new era of subject indexing in Italy and is highly recommended. The new method has been designed to be easily teachable to new and experimented indexers.
Now BNI is beginning to use the new language, pointing the way for the adoption of Nuovo soggettario in Italian libraries: a difficult challenge whose success is not assured. To name only one issue: including all fields of study requires particular care in treating terms with different specialized meanings; cooperation of other libraries and institutions is foreseen. At the same time, efforts are being made to assure the system's interoperability outside the library world. It is clear that a great commitment is required. "Too complex a system!" say the naysayers. "Only at the beginning," the proponents reply. The new system goes against the mainstream, compared with the imitation of the easy way offered by search engines - but we know that they must enrich their devices to improve quality, just repeating the work on semantic and syntactic relationships that leads formal expressions to the meanings they are intended to communicate - and also compared with research to create automated devices supporting human work, for the need to simplify cataloguing. Here AI is not involved, but automation is widely used to facilitate and to support the conscious work of indexers guided by rules as clear as possible. The advantage of Nuovo soggettario is its combination of a thesaurus (a much-appreciated tool used across the world) with the equally widespread technique of subject-string construction, which is to say: the rational and predictable combination of the terms used. The appearance of this original, unparalleled working model may well be a great occasion in the international development of indexing, as, on one hand, the Nuovo soggettario uses a recognized tool (the thesaurus) and, on the other, by permitting both pre-coordination and post-coordination, it attempts to overcome the fragmentation of increasingly complex and specialized subjects into isolated, single-term descriptors. This is a serious proposition that merits consideration from both theoretical and practical points of view - and outside Italy, too."

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Date

3. 3.2006 15:03:22

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Abstract

The International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science was first published in 1997, and has become the major reference work in its field. This thoroughly revised and updated edition takes full account of the radical changes which have taken place since it was originally conceived. With almost 600 A-Z entries, written by a global team of over 180 contributors, the subject matter ranges from mobile library services provided by camel and donkey transport to search engines, portals and the World Wide Web. The entries fall into four categories: - Conceptual entries explore and explicate all the major issues, theories and activities in information and library science, such as the economics of information and information management. Key features of this edition include a wholly new entry an information systems, and enhanced entries an the information professions and the information society. - Topical entries deal with more specific subjects, such as collection management and information services for minority groups. New or completely revised entries include a group of entries an information law, and a collection of entries an the Internet, the World Wide Web and the theory and application of information systems. - Terminological entries define key terms in the field: from 'almanac' to 'workstation', 'information architecture' to 'spam'. - Biographical entries examine the life and work of key figures for information and library science - such as Turing, Gadamer, Gutenberg, Leibniz and Dewey - many of whom have become synonymous with the contributions which they have made to the discipline. All the longer entries are fully supported by references and suggestions for further reading. And with its comprehensive index and substantial cross-referencing, this new edition of the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science is destined to remain an invaluable tool both for reference and as a starting point for more in-depth study.

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 35(2008) no.1, S.55-58 (M.P. Satija): "The Sears List, first published in 1923, has survived times of destabilizing changes while keeping reasonable continuity with the past. Dr. Joseph Miller, at the helm since 1992 and the longest-serving editor in the eighty-four years of the List's existence, first edited the 15th edition of the Sears (1994). Over the years, the Sears has achieved more than it had hoped for: ever-increasing use the world over. In fact, the turbulent progress of media and information theories has forced the Sears to keep up with the changing times. Knowledge organization is a shifting sand in the electronic era. Vast and varied changes generate not only new information, but also new terms and phrases. It is trite to say that the electronic media have transformed the way in which we access information and knowledge. The new edition of the Sears has absorbed these changes to reflect the times. The 19th edition, released in May 2007, has about 440 new headings, to bring the new total to over 8000 headings, which keeps the growth rate at five percent. Newly-added headings generally fall into one of two categories: a) headings for the new and current subjects and b) headings previously missed. A few more have been modified. New editions are produced regularly to: - incorporate terms for new subjects, - restructure the form of old headings to suit the changing information needs and informationseeking behaviour of the users, - add new terms to old subject headings to reflect current usage, - delete the obsolete subjects, - forge new relations between subjects and their terms. Two major areas of new additions are in the fields of Islam, as might be expected, and the graphic novel- the latter has thirty headings perhaps drawn from the WilsonWeb Database on Graphic Novels Core Collection. ... The lapses are minor and could be forgiven; they in no way detract from this continuously-expanding and well-established tool for subject-cataloguing in small and medium libraries. The handy List and its lucid introduction make Sears an excellent and convenient tool for teaching subject headings' use and principles, as well as methods of vocabulary control. With its glossy and flowery cover, clear typeface and high production standards, the new edition is particularly welcome."

Object

Sears List of Subject Headings

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Abstract

This unique book reviews hundreds of the most reliable earth science-related web sites

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Abstract

This unique guide helps users locate the best print and non-print sources of geographical information for their research needs.

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Date

20. 3.2004 12:58:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: c't 2002, H.23, S.229 (T.J. Schult): "Mac-Anwender hatten bisher keine große Auswahl bei Multimedia-Enzyklopädien: entweder ein grottenschlechtes Kosmos Kompaktwissen, das dieses Jahr letztmalig erscheinen soll und sich dabei als Systhema Universallexikon tarnt. Oder ein Brockhaus in Text und Bild mit exzellenten Texten, aber flauer Medienausstattung. Die von Acclaim in Deutschland vertriebenen Britannica-Enzyklopädien stellen eine ausgezeichnete Alternative für den des Englischen Kundigen dar. Während früher nur Einfach-Britannicas auf dem Mac liefen, gilt dies nun für alle drei Versionen Student, Deluxe und Ultimate Reference Suite. Die Suite enthält dabei nicht nur alle 75 000 Artikel der 32 Britannica-Bände, sondern auch die 15 000 der Student Encyclopaedia, eines eigenen Schülerlexikons, das durch sein einfaches Englisch gerade für Nicht-Muttersprachler als Einstieg taugt. Wer es noch elementarer haben möchte, klickt sich zur Britannica Elementary Encyclopaedia, welche unter der gleichen Oberfläche wie die anderen Werke zugänglich ist. Schließlich umfasst die Suite einen Weltatlas sowie einsprachige Wörterbücher und Thesauri von Merriam-Webster in der Collegiate- und Student-Ausbaustufe mit allein 555 000 Definitionen, Synonymen und Antonymen. Wer viel in englischer Sprache recherchiert oder gar schreibt, leckt sich angesichts dieses Angebots (EUR 99,95) die Finger, zumal die Printausgabe gut 1600 Euro kostet. Die Texte sind einfach kolossal - allein das Inhaltsverzeichnis des Artikels Germany füllt sieben Bildschirmseiten. Schon die Inhalte aus den BritannicaBänden bieten mehr als doppelt so viel Text wie die rund tausend Euro kostende Brockhaus Enzyklopädie digital (c't 22/02, S. 38). Allein die 220 000 thematisch einsortierten Web-Links sind das Geld wert. Wer die 2,4 Gigabyte belegende Komplettinstallation wählt, muss sogar nie mehr die DVD (alternativ vier CD-ROMs) einlegen. Dieses Jahr muss sich niemand mehr mit dem Britannica-typischen Kuddelmuddel aus Lexikonartikeln und vielen, vielen Jahrbüchern herumschlagen - außer dem Basistext der drei Enzyklopädien sind 'nur' die zwei Jahrbücher 2001 und 2002 getrennt aufgeführt. Wer des Englischen mächtig ist, mag hier die gute Gelegenheit zum Kauf nutzen."

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Abstract

The Multilingual Dictionary of Knowledge Management comprises some 3,400 basic and topical terms in the major European languages, i.e. English, French, Spanish, Italian and German. The terms, which are presented in an introductory summary, cover all areas relevant for making knowledge management a success, such as database tcchnologv, document management and knowledge presentation. The terms as such were compiled on the basis of current original sources, reference books and specialist journals of the countries in question