-
SRW/U erleichtert verteilte Datenbankrecherchen (2005)
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- Content
- "Seit zwei Jahrzehnten nutzen vor allem Bibliotheksverbünde das Protokoll Z39.50, um ihren Benutzern im Internet die simultane Abfrage mehrerer Datenbanken zu ermöglichen. Jetzt gibt es einen Nachfolger dieses Protokolls, der eine einfachere Implementierung verspricht. Damit ist auch eine größere Verbreitung für die Suche in verteilten Datenbeständen anderer Institutionen, wie z.B. Archiven und Museen, wahrscheinlich. SRW/U (Search and Retrieve Web Service bzw. Search and Retrieve URL Service, www.loc.90v/z3950/agency/zing/srw) wurde von einer an der Library of Congress angesiedelten Initiative entwickelt und beruht auf etablierten Standards wie URI und XML. Die mit SRW und SRU möglichen Abfragen und Ergebnisse unterscheiden sich nur in der Art der Übertragung, verwenden aber beide dieselben Prozeduren. Davon gibt es nur drei: explain, scan und searchRetrieve. Die beiden Erstgenannten dienen dazu, allgemeine Informationen über den Datenanbieter bzw. die verfügbaren Indexe zubekommen. Das Herzstück ist die search-Retrieve-Anweisung. Damit werden Anfragen direkt an die Datenbank gesendet und die Parameter des Suchergebnisses definiert. Verwendet wird dafür die Retrievalsprache CQL (Common Query Language), die simple Freitextsuchen, aber auch mit Boolschen Operatoren verknüpfte Recherchen ermöglicht. Bei SRU werden die Suchbefehle mittels einfacher HTTP GET -Anfragen übermittelt, die Ergebnisse in XML zurückgeliefert. Zur Strukturierung der Daten dienen z.B. Dublin Core, MARC oder EAD. Welches Format von der jeweiligen Datenbank bereitgestellt wird, kann durch die explain-Anweisung ermittelt gebracht werden."
- Date
- 21. 2.1997 19:37:24
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 56(2005) H.5/6, S.274
-
Höller, H.: Kommunikationssysteme : Normung und soziale Akzeptanz (1993)
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- Abstract
- Der Autor geht der Frage nach dem Einfluß der Normung auf die Kommunikationstechnik und ihrer sozialen Akzeptanz nach. Hierzu zeigt er die Strukturen der Normungsprozesse und der Gremien insbesondere in Europa auf. Am Beispiel der Normen zu elektronische Postsystemen führt er auf, wie weit die Normung in diese Systeme hineinreicht und welche kommunikationsrechtlichen Probleme damit verbunden sind
- Classification
- MS 7850 Soziologie / Spezielle Soziologien / Soziologie der Massenkommunikation und öffentlichen Meinung / Allgemeine Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Kommunikation und ihrer Medien; Begriff der Öffentlichkeit; Meinungsbildung, public relations
- RVK
- MS 7850 Soziologie / Spezielle Soziologien / Soziologie der Massenkommunikation und öffentlichen Meinung / Allgemeine Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Kommunikation und ihrer Medien; Begriff der Öffentlichkeit; Meinungsbildung, public relations
-
Püttner, G.: Telekommunikation und gemeindliches Wegerecht : Rechtsgutachten dem Deutschen Städte- und Gemeindebund erstattet (1996)
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- Date
- 1. 4.1996 21:04:24
- Imprint
- Düsseldorf : Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund
-
Seiler, R.; Jung, K.: Dicke Bilder durch dünne Leitungen : Konzepte und Algorithmen der Bilddatenkompression (2000)
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- Abstract
- Die meisten von uns kennen den Frust, vor dem Bildschirm zu sitzen und zu warten, bis endlich ein Bild stückweise und ruckartig zu erscheinen beginnt. Bilddaten sind so riesig, dass sie auch gute Datenkanäle zustopfen. Dies zu verhindern oder mindestens deutlich einzugrenzen, führt zu mathematisch interessanten Modellierungs- und Optimierungsproblemen
- Date
- 24. 7.2000 20:37:21
- Source
- Mitteilungen der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 2000, H.3, S.16-20
-
Schmidhäusler, F.J.: Von Preisverfall und Sparprodukten : neues vom Modem-Markt (1996)
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- Abstract
- "Robotics setzt auf Internet-Boom", hieß es in einer Zeitung. Doch trotz Internet-Boom geht der Preisverfall bei Modems ständig weiter. Einige Anbieter glaubten im vorigen Jahr, mit Voice-Modems gewissermaßen eine Nische im 'Preisverfalls-Markt' finden zu können. Doch sie irrten sich; ein Voice-Modem, das im Dezember '95 noch für 529 Mark offeriert wurde, war im April '96 schon für 398 Mark zu haben
- Date
- 9. 7.1996 20:44:21
-
Petry, W.; Werner, H.-J.: Anwendertraum: Kommunikations- und Retrieval-Software im Vergleich (1993)
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- Source
- Cogito. 9(1993) H.2, S.18-22
-
Ball, R.; Peters, M.: Datennetze in einem Forschungszentrum : Das INTRANET der Zentralbibliothek des Forschungszentrums Jülich (1998)
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- Abstract
- Überblick über die Datennetze im Forschungszentrum Jülich. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei der Zusammenhang zwischen den speziellen Anforderungen und Anwendungen eines zentralen Informationsdienstleisters (Zentralbibliothek) und der daraus resultierenden Gestaltung und Strukturierung der Datennetze. Es wird gezeigt, daß die zukünftige Netzlast der Informationsgesellschaft im Zeitalter von Multimedia nur mit modernster Lichtwellenleitertechnik zu bewältigen ist
-
Telekommunikation, Internet, Zukunft : ein strategischer Überblick für die Praxis (1996)
0.03
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- Abstract
- Die 10 Hauptkapitel enthalten verständlich geschriebene, aktuelle Übersichten mit vielen Visualisierungen zu aktuellen Fragen der Telekommunikation (zum Beispiel zu neueren Trends, zu kommerziellen Perspektiven des Internets und zu Erfahrungen regionaler Projekte). Das Produkt liefert eine in dieser Form auf dem MArkt nicht verfügbare Übersicht für alle am Thema Interessierten. Er ist besonders nützlich für Praktiker in Unternehmen (Weiterbildung) sowie für Schüler, Lehrer, Studenten und Professoren. Die Dokumente liegen im HTML-Format vor und können auch in den Formaten Winword ab 6.0 und Powerpoint ab 7.0 geladen und weiterverarbeitet werden. Die 10 Kapitel behandeln die Themen: Visionen für die Zukunft, Zukünftige Märkte und Strukturveränderungen, TK-Anbieter und ihre Dienste, Einführungin die Internet-Praxis, Online-Dienste und Internet-Provider, Kommerzielle Perspektiven des Internet, Regionale elektronische Gemeinschaften, Telearbeit als neue Arbeitsform, Politische und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen, Telekommunikation in der Kritik
-
Wüst, R.: ¬Eine Einführung in der Z39.50 : ein neuer Standard und seine Bedeutung für Bibliotheken (1994)
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- Abstract
- Der Aufsatz untersucht das Z39.50 / SR Protokoll und seine Client/Server Umgebung. Die Funtionalität des Z39.50 und die Anwendung in Netzwerken wie dem Internet wird diskutiert. Die Anwendung des Z39.50 in Bibliothekssystemen wird dem Benutzer einfachen und plattformübergreifenden Zugriff auf Informationen bieten. Das Protokoll schafft eine Benutzerumgebung, die anbieterunabhängig arbeitet
- Source
- ABI-Technik. 14(1994) H.1, S.21-26
-
Scherzer, Y.: Virtuelle Welten : Navigation in virtuellen Räumen (1996)
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- Abstract
- Virtuelle Welten - eine neue Dimension in Datennetzen. Neben der Möglichkeit, sich mit Hilfe von Datenhandschuh und -helm in computergenerierten Räumen zu bewegen und Abenteuer zu erleben, bilden virtuelle Räume im WWW eine erweiterte Navigations- und Präsentationsmöglichkeit für Informationssysteme. Auf der Basis einer breitbandigen rechnergestützten Kommunikationsinfrastruktur wie den DFN kann ein bestimmtes Thema - hier ein Stadtspaziergang durch Hannover - mit der Kombination von 2- und 3-dimensionalen Navigationselementen dem Betrachter nahegebracht werden
-
Kropp, H.: DFÜ: sämtliche Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Fernsprech- und Datexdienste : aktuelles Nachschlagewerk mit Musterlösungen für die rationelle Nutzung der Postdienste und Erfahrungsberichte aus der Praxis (1988)
0.03
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-
Pordesch, U.; Roßnagel, A.: "Offene" Kommunikation : zur Verletzlichkeit des Internet und zur Notwendigkeit neuer Sicherheits- und Schutzstrategien in den virtuellen Welten (1997)
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- Abstract
- Während in den 80er und zu Beginn der 90er Jahre Überwachungsverfahren und die Verletzlichkeit der vernetzten Informationsgesellschaft Gegenstand alternativer Technikkritik waren, scheinen die damit verbundenen Gefahren mit der Verbreitung des Internet weitgehend verflogen zu sein. Zumindest findet ein diesbezüglicher Diskurs kaum statt, und auch Kritiker sind zu begeisterten Nutzern geworden. Interessanterweise ist jedoch gerade das Internet ein in mancher Hinsicht unsicheres und datenschutzunfreundlicheres Netz als früher kritisierte Netze und Dienste, wie etwa ISDN oder BTX. Das technische Netzkonzept und die Organisationsform seines Betriebs lassen zentral organisierte Grundschutzkonzepte wirkungslos werden, so daß hier viel vom Selbstschutz der Beteiligten abhängt. Diesen zu stärken, wäre ein wichtiges technologie- und gesellschaftspolitisches Ziel der kommenden Jahre
-
Löns, K.: Kommunikationsnetze und Datenkommunikation (1997)
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- Source
- Grundlagen der praktischen Information und Dokumentation: ein Handbuch zur Einführung in die fachliche Informationsarbeit. 4. Aufl. Hrsg.: M. Buder u.a
-
Altenhövel, M.; Rudolph, R.; Späth, F.M.: ISDN: die besten Tips & Tricks der Profis : so installieren und nutzen Sie ISDN optimal (1997)
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- Content
- Wisenswertes für den ISDN-Einstieg - So installieren Sie ISDN - ISDN und Windows95 - Per ISDN in T-Online, AOL und CompuServe - Per ISDN ins Internet - Filetransfer, Fax und Voice mit ISDN - ISDN unter Windows NT - ISDN unter OS/2
-
Bekavac, B.: Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (2004)
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- Abstract
- Enthält Abschnitte zu: Geeignete Zahlensysteme - Rechenmaschinen - Programme - Internet - Textdarstellung - Rechnerarhitekturen - Hard- und Softwaresysteme
- Source
- Grundlagen der praktischen Information und Dokumentation. 5., völlig neu gefaßte Ausgabe. 2 Bde. Hrsg. von R. Kuhlen, Th. Seeger u. D. Strauch. Begründet von Klaus Laisiepen, Ernst Lutterbeck, Karl-Heinrich Meyer-Uhlenried. Bd.1: Handbuch zur Einführung in die Informationswissenschaft und -praxis
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Klußmann, N.: Lexikon der Kommunikations- und Informationstechnik : Telekommunikation, Datenkommunikation, Multimedia, Computer (1999)
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- Issue
- CD-ROM-Ausg. der 2., erw. und aktualisierten Aufl.
-
Zech, S.: Online-Kommunikation von Bibliotheken : vergleichende Kostenuntersuchung und Beispielrechnungen für Katalogisierung und Recherche (1997)
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- Abstract
- Bei den Überlegungen, das Dienstleistungsangebot der Bibliotheken auszuweiten, spielt der Zugang zu nationalen und internationalen Netzen und damit der Zugang zu online verfügbaren Informationen eine immer größere Rolle. Für die Auswahl des Netzes müssen sowohl die einmaligen Ausgaben für die technische Ausstattung und Zugangsberechtigung als auch die monatlich wiederkehrenden Ausgaben für die Nutzung berücksichtigt werden. Für die Entscheidung sind aber auch Übertragungsgeschwindigkeit, angebotene Dienste auf dem Netz, Kommunikation mit anderen Netzen und die regionale Erreichbarkeit des Netzanbieters von Bedeutung
-
Pelton, J.N.: Telekommunikationssysteme des nächsten Jahrhunderts (1998)
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- Abstract
- Ein dichtes Netz von erdnahen Satelliten und Luftschiffen wird schon bald riesige Datenmengen übertragen. Zusammen mit breitbandigen Glasfaserkabeln und erdgebundenen Funkverbindungen werden sie ein weltweites mobiles Kommunikationsnetz bilden
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 1998, H.6, S.62-67
-
Fernengel, U.; Flögel, E.; Roberts, S.D.: Datenübertragung mit Heim- und Personal Computern : MODEM und Hacker Handbuch (1992)
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-
Deussen, N.: Sogar der Mars könnte bald eine virutelle Heimat bekommen : Gut 4,2 Milliarden sind nicht genug: Die sechste Version des Internet-Protokolls schafft viele zusätzliche Online-Adressen (2001)
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- Abstract
- In der Virtualität wird's eng. Die Möglichkeiten des Scheinbaren sind anscheinend ausgereizt. Es mangelt bald an InternetAdressen. Wenn WhirIpools und Wasclunaschinen ihren eigenen Zugang zum Internet brauchen, wird der Vorrat an Kennzahlen knapp. Um dem drohenden Mangel zu begegnen, wird seit Jahren an einer überarbeiteten Fassung des Internet-Protokolls (IP) gebastelt. Doch die Neuauflage hat bis auf ein paar Testläufe - bisher ihren Weg ins Netz noch nicht gefunden. Für Aufregung sorgte sie dennoch bereits: wegen Datenschutzproblemen. Für die Kommunikation zwischen Computern im Internet gibt es eine Art Knigge. Die protokollarische Vorschrift legt fest; wie die Rechner Daten untereinander austauschen. Doch zuvor brauchen die Maschinen Namen (wie www.fr-aktuell.de) und Anschriften (hier: 194.175.173.20), damit sie sich einander vorstellen (Shake Hands) und später Daten schicken können. Vergeben werden die Bezeichnungen von der Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Icann). Den ersten Vorschlag für eine einheitliche Übergaberegelung machten Bob Kahn und Vint Cerf im Jahr 1974. Damals versuchten im inzwischen legendären, militärisch genutzten Arpanet kaum tausend Großrechner an etwa 250 Standorten miteinander zu kommunizieren. Um Ordnung in das Sprachengewirr der verschiedenen Bautypen zu bringen, mussten Regeln her. Die Idee entwickelte sich zum Protokoll, das nach Informatik-Manier mit dem Kürzel TCP/IP belegt wurde. Mit etwa 100000 angeschlossenen Computern wurde das Netz 1983 zivil - und TCP/IP zum offiziellen Standard. Derzeit regelt die vierte Version des Internet-Protokolls (IPv4) den Bit-Transport. Die Adresse wird jedem Datenpaket vorangestellt. Sie besteht aus Ziffern und ist exakt 32 Bit lang. Daraus ergeben sich mehr als 4,2 Milliarden Zahlenkombinationen. Genug für einen Globus, auf dem erst kürzlich der sechsmilliardste Erdenbürger das Licht der realen Welt erblickte - dachten die Computer-Operateure damals. Dann kam das World Wide Web.
Der Geniestreich aus dem Europäischen Labor für Teilchenphysik (Cern) in Genf machte aus dem Wissenschaftsnetz ein Massenmedium. Zudem erfuhr die elektronische Post einen Aufschwung. Das Wachstum der Netze sprengt alle Erwartungen", resümiert Klaus Birkenbihl vom InformatikForschungszentrum GMI). Jede Web-Site, jede E-Mail-Box, jeder Computer, der per Standleitung online ist, braucht eine eindeutige Identifizierung. Die Schätzungen, wie viele IPv4-Adressen noch frei sind, schwanken zwischen 40 und zehn Prozent. Der Verbrauch jedenfalls steigt rasant: Die Anzahl der WebSites steuert derzeit auf eine Milliarde zu, weit mehr Netznummern gehen bereits für E-Mail-Anschriften drauf. Den Adressraum weiter ausschöpfen werden demnächst die intelligenten Haushaltsgeräte. Der Laden an der Ecke will wissen, welcher Kühlschrank die Milch bestellt hat, die Videozentrale braucht für das Überspielen des Films die Kennung des PC-Recorders, der Computer des Installateurs benötigt die IP-Anschrift der Heizungsanlage für die Fernwartung. Handys, die später Nachrichten übers Internet schicken, und Internet-Telefonie gehen möglicherweise leer aus. Doch bevor Internet-Adressen zur heiß begehrten Schieberware werden, soll ein neues Adresssystern mit mehr Möglichkeiten her. Schon 1990 hatte sich die Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Gedanken über einen neues Internet-Protokoll mit einem größeren Adressangebot gemacht. Im IETF kümmern sich Forscher, Soft- und HardwareIngenieure um die fortlaufende Verbesserung von Architektur und Arbeit des Netz werks. Eine ihrer Arbeitsgruppen prognostizierte, der IPv4-Vorrat gehe 2005 zu Ende. Fünf Jahre dauerte es, dann waren sich alle Internet-Gremien einig: Eine neue Protokollversion, IPv6, muss her. Dann passierte weiter nichts. Endlich verkündete 1999 Josh Elliot von der Icann, ab sofort würden neue Anschriften verteilt. Ein historischer Moment", freute er sich.
Der neue 128-Bit-Header treibt die Möglichkeiten ins Astronomische: 3,4 mal zehn hoch 38 Adressen, eine 3,4 mit 38 Nullen. -Das IPv6-Forum zerhackte den Zahlentrumm in anschauliche Stücke: Pro Quadratmillimeter Erdoberfläche stehen nun zirka 667 Billiarden, pro Mensch 6,5 mal zehn hoch 28 Adressen, bereit." Eine Billiarde bringt es immerhin auf respektable 15 Nullen. Schon kurz darauf ging ein Aufschrei durch die Netzgemeinde. Das neue Protokoll schrieb die weltweit eindeutigen Seriennummern bestimmter Netzwerkkarten auf den virtuellen Adressaufkleber. Die Ethernet-Adapter bewerkstelligen den Datentransport bei Computern, die über eine Standleitung, ein Koaxialkabel, dauernd online sind. Die Spur von Ethernet-Usern wäre damit leicht zu verfolgen gewesen, ihre Nutzerprofile, ihre Surfgewohnheiten einsehbar wie offene Bücher. Das Problem, ließ Icann nun wissen, sei behoben: Es gebe keine festen Kennzahlen mehr in den Adressköpfen. Bei jedem Hochfahren eines Rechners oder sogar noch öfter werden die Nummern neu durchgemischt", erläutert Hans Petter Dittler, stellvertretender Vorsitzender der deutschen Sektion der Internet Society. Das Betriebssystem Linux kann bereits mit dem IPv6 arbeiten. Microsoft will den Standard in das nächste Windows-Betriebssystem einbauen: "Wir denken, der vorgeschlagene Standard ist wichtig zum Schutz der Privatsphäre der Internet-Nutzer", sagt Jawad Khaki, Vizepräsident für Netzwerke. Seit einigen Tagen steht auf der Microsoft-Homepage eine Vorab-Version von lPv6 für Windows 2000 zum Herunterladen bereit. Geradezu euphorisch gibt sich Protokoll-Chef Vint Cerf. Mit IPv6 haben wir die Grundlage dafür", philosophierte der Internet-Daddy auf dem ersten lPv6-Kongress 1999 in Berlin, "das Internet von unserem Planeten über den Mars und die Asteroiden bis in den Weltraum hinaus auszudehnen." Doch im Internet-Alltag wird das alte Protokoll noch lange Vorrang haben. Grund sind handfeste Programmier-Probleme. Denn Software, die sich explizit auf die vierte IP-Version bezieht, muss umgeschrieben werden - etwa um mit den längeren Adressfeldern umgehen zu können. Hubert Martens vom Münchner Multinet Services befürchtet gar einen InternetCrash: "Das Jahr-2000-Problem war harmlos gegen das, was uns mit lPv6 droht."
- Date
- 21. 6.2005 21:09:33
