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Fugmann, R.: Informationstheorie: Der Jahrhundertbluff : (Teil 1] (2007)
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- Abstract
- In ihrer "Mathematical Theory of Communication" beschrieben Shannon und Weaver zur Mitte des vergangenen Jahrhunderts die Technik einer möglichst ungestörten und wirtschaftlichen Nachrichten-Übertragung. Die Einbeziehung der Deutung (Interpretation und Semantik) und der Nutzung der Nachrichten (Pragmatik) blieben der späteren Entwicklung überlassen. Ohne dass es zu dieser Fortentwicklung gekommen wäre, wurde der Geltungsbereich der Theorie jedoch bald auf den gesamten Kommunikationsprozess ausgedehnt. Dies geschah dadurch, dass diese Theorie in "Information Theory" umbenannt wurde, mancherlei Widersprüchen aus der Fachwelt zum Trotz. Noch immer wurde kein Unterschied zwischen Nachricht und Information gemacht, und einer jeglichen Nachricht und jeglichem Signal wurde eine neu definierte Art von "Informationsmenge" zugewiesen. Dieser rein statistische Begriff ist weit entfernt von der ureigentlichen Bedeutung des Wortes "Information". Was eine Nachricht bedeutet und ob sie für den Empfänger verständlich, interessant und nützlich ist, bleibt in dieser Theorie außer Betracht. Die Ursachen, der Verlauf und die Folgen dieser Verirrung werden untersucht und kritisiert. Wenn und so lange auch die Informatik einen solchen "Informations"-Begriff zu ihrer Grundlage hat, entbehrt sie jeglicher Kompetenz auf dem Gebiet dessen, was traditionell und umgangsprachig unter Information verstanden wird. Durch die ungerechtfertigte Beanspruchung und Durchsetzung von Zuständigkeit für das Gesamtgebiet der Information hat die "Informations"-Theorie weitverbreitet großen Schaden verursacht. Dies gilt bei aller Anerkennung der großen Fortschritte in der Informatik bei der reinen Technik der Datenverarbeitung, die aufgrund dieser Theorie ebenfalls erzielt worden sind. Teil 1 behandelt die index-relevanten Aspekte der "Informationstheorie".
- Content
- Vgl. Teil 2 in: Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 59(2008) H.3, S.59-164.
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.8, S.449-458
- Theme
- Information
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Fugmann, R.: Illusory goals in information science research (1992)
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- Abstract
- The human's expressing general concepts in uncontrolled natural language, his information need, and meaning recognition in and essence selection from texts are indeterminate processes and therefore defy any satisfactory formalization and programming. Where the equivalence or even superiority of algorithmic approaches to these golas has been claimed, the authors have worked under artificial, experimental conditions and/or have in their evaluation referred to those approaches that are far from exploiting the capabilities of intellectual content analysis, representation and query phrasing
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Fugmann, R.: Galileo and the inverse precision/recall relationship : medieval attitudes in modern information science (1994)
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- Abstract
- The tight adherence to dogmas, created and advocated by authorities and disseminated through hearsay, constitutes an impediment to the progress badly needed in view of the low effectiveness of the vast majority of our bibliographic information systems. The Italian mathematician and physicist Galileo has become famous not only for his discoveries but also for his being exposed to the rejective and even hostile attitude on the part of his contemporaries when he contradicted several dogmas prevailing at that time. This obstructive attitude can be traced throughout the centuries and manifests itself in the field of modern information science, too. An example is the allegedly necessary, inevitable precision/recall relationship, as most recently postulated again by Lancaster (1994). It is believed to be confirmed by emprical evidence, with other empirical evidence to the contrary being neglected. This case even constitutes an example of the suppression of truth in the interest of upholding a dogma
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Fugmann, R.: ¬The complementarity of natural and index language in the field of information supply : an overview of their specific capabilities and limitations (2002)
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- Abstract
- Natural text phrasing is an indeterminate process and, thus, inherently lacks representational predictability. This holds true in particular in the Gase of general concepts and of their syntactical connectivity. Hence, natural language query phrasing and searching is an unending adventure of trial and error and, in most Gases, has an unsatisfactory outcome with respect to the recall and precision ratlos of the responses. Human indexing is based an knowledgeable document interpretation and aims - among other things - at introducing predictability into the representation of documents. Due to the indeterminacy of natural language text phrasing and image construction, any adequate indexing is also indeterminate in nature and therefore inherently defies any satisfactory algorithmization. But human indexing suffers from a different Set of deficiencies which are absent in the processing of non-interpreted natural language. An optimally effective information System combines both types of language in such a manner that their specific strengths are preserved and their weaknesses are avoided. lf the goal is a large and enduring information system for more than merely known-item searches, the expenditure for an advanced index language and its knowledgeable and careful employment is unavoidable.
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Fugmann, R.: Bridging the gap between database indexing and book indexing (1997)
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- Abstract
- Traditionally, database indexing and book indexing have been looked upon as being quite distinct and have been kept apart in textbooks and teaching. The traditional borderline between both variations of indexing, however, should not conceal fundamental commonalities of the two approaches. For example, theausurus construction and usage, quite common in databases, has hardly been encountered in book indexing so far. Database indexing, on the other hand, has hardly made use of subheadings of the syntax-displaying type, quite common in book indexing. Most database users also prefer precombining vocabulary units and reject concept analysis. However, insisting on precombining descriptors in a large database vocabulary may, in the long run, well be destructive to the quality, of indexing and of the searches. A complementary approach is conceivable which provides both precombinations and analyzed subjects, both index language syntax and subheadings, and provides access to an information system via precombinations, without jeopardizing the manageability of the vocabulary. Such an approach causes considerable costs in input because it involves a great deal of intellectual work. On the other hand, much time and costs will be saved in the use of the system. In addition, such an approach would endow an information system with survival power
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Fugmann, R.: Unusual possibilities in indexing and classification (1990)
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- Abstract
- Contemporary research in information science has concentrated on the development of methods for the algorithmic processing of natural language texts. Often, the equivalence of this approach to the intellectual technique of content analysis and indexing is claimed. It is, however, disregarded that contemporary intellectual techniques are far from exploiting their full capabilities. This is largely due to the omission of vocabulary categorisation. It is demonstrated how categorisation can drastically improve the quality of indexing and classification, and, hence, of retrieval
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Fugmann, R.: Über die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der programmierten Informationsbereitstellung (2016)
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- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 67(2016) H.2/3, S.105-116
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Fugmann, R.: ¬Das Faule Ei des Kolumbus im Aslib-Cranfield Vergleich von Informationssystemen : Die erneute Betrachtung eines einflussreichen Experiments (2004)
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- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 55(2004) H.4, S.211-220
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Fugmann, R.: ¬The analytico-synthetic foundation for large indexing & information retrieval systems : dedicated to Prof. Dr. Werner Schultheis, the vigorous initiator of modern chem. documentation in Germany on the occasion of his 85th birthday (1983)
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- LCSH
- Information retrieval
- RSWK
- Information und Dokumentation / Systemgrundlage (BVB)
- Subject
- Information und Dokumentation / Systemgrundlage (BVB)
Information retrieval
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Fugmann, R.: Mannigfaltigkeit vs. Einheitlichkeit (1981)
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Fugmann, R.: Experiences with a faceted classification in organic chemistry using computers (1965)
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Fugmann, R.: Subject analysis and indexing : theoretical foundation and practical advice (1993)
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- Content
- Enthält folgende Kapitel: Information and information systems; Information system survival power; Theoretical considerations on information storage and retrieval; Indexing (representation of the essence of documents; extractive, assignment, consistent indexing, indexing and abstracting, book indexing, index language vocabulary, syntax, concept analysis, evaluation of indexing quality); Technology of information supply; Glossary of terms used; Systematic and 'basic index'
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Fugmann, R.: ¬Das Faule Ei des Kolumbus in der Informationsbereitstellung (2004)
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- Content
- "Ein Memorandum wider den Zeitgeist auf diesem Gebiet gerichtet an all Diejenigen, - welche über die Gestaltung von Informationsdiensten zu entscheiden haben oder - denen eine Argumentationshilfe für den Widerstand gegen den Druck von automatisierten Billigsystemen willkommen ist. Das Aufsuchen und die Wiederverwertung von Erfahrungen und Wissen ist lebensnotwendig für jeden Menschen und ist Vorbedingung für das Prosperieren einer jeglichen Tätigkeit eigener oder gemeinschaftlicher Art und sogar für deren gesicherten Fortbestand. Schon seit Jahrhunderten sind die Bibliotheken Dienstleister mit dieser Aufgabenstellung gewesen. Ein großer Fundus an Wissen und Erfahrungen ist auf diesem Gebiet bereits erarbeitet worden. In der Neuzeit haben die computerisierten Datenbanken große Fortschritte bei der Erfassung und beim Wiederfinden von wertvoller Information ermöglicht. Auf der Suche nach Information zu einem bestimmten Thema formuliert man Wörter oder Wortstämme, von denen man im Voraus weiß oder vermutet, dass sie in den gewünschten Texten auftreten. Ein solcher Ansatz erscheint wegen seiner Automatisierbarkeit und wegen seiner relativ geringen Kosten manch einem Neuling als das Ei des Kolumbus, insbesondere auch deswegen, weil hier die aufwändige Vorbereitung der Texte für die Einspeicherung wegfällt.
Diese Suchstrategie versagt im Fall von Entdeckungsrecherchen (question of discovery), dann also, wenn man sich auf der Suche nach Unbekanntem befindet, wie es auf den Gebieten von Forschung und Entwicklung in der Praxis der Regelfall ist. Das Gesuchte kann auf unbegrenzt vielfältige Weise von den Autoren einschlägiger Texte ausgedrückt worden sein. Es entzieht sich damit der Textwörtersuche, denn man kann nicht unbegrenzt viele Textwörter und Kombinationen von ihnen zur Suchbedingung machen. Den größten Schaden richtet eine solche Suchstrategie dort an, wo sie auch für die Dienste eines hausinternen Intranet eingesetzt wird, dort also, wo es vorrangig auf hochgradige Vollständigkeit der Suchergebnisse ankommt und wo man sich nicht allein auf die Erinnerung an Verfassernamen oder an Ort- und Zeitdaten von Dokumenten stützen kann und darf. Mangelt es an Erfahrung oder an Weitblick, dann stellen sich die Unzulänglichkeiten der Textwörtersuche erst dann heraus, wenn man einige Zeit mit derselben praktisch gearbeitet hat. Dann wird dem Anwender klar, dass es sich bei all dem, worauf er so sehr vertraut hat, und was in der Erinnerungsrecherche auch meistens gut funktioniert, in Wirklichkeit um ein faules Kolumbus-Ei gehandelt hat, um ein Produkt von trügerisch positivem Anschein also, jedoch mit versteckten, erst spät in Erscheinung tretenden Mängeln. Die immensen "Kooperationsschwierigkeiten', welche heutzutage zwischen Anbietern und Anwendern bestehen, dürften großenteils auf die unerfüllbaren Versprechungen von unseriösen Anbietern zurückzuführen sein oder auf die Illusionen von Forschungsgruppen, welche sich im Zustand einer geradezu skandalösen Ignoranz auf dem Informationsgebiet bewegen, mögen sie auch die InformationsTechnologie brilliant beherrschen. Nicht nur ist der Schaden bei dem getäuschten und enttäuschten Anwender groß, sondern es ist auch die ganze Branche der professionellen Informationsexperten gefährdet. Den Anwendern werden verführerisch billige automatisierte Techniken zum Kauf angeboten, bei denen vermeintlich auf die sachverständige Mitwirkung des Informationsexperten verzichtet werden kann. Dass die Brauchbarkeit dieser Produkte auf den Typ der Erinnerungsrecherche beschränkt ist, wird verkannt, verdrängt oder von der Werbung bewusst verschwiegen. Eine effektive und wettbewerbsfähige Arbeit auf jeglichem Gebiet kann es nur dort geben, wo sich auch das Management des (nicht quantifizierbaren) Nutzens von treffsicher und prompt bereitgestellter Information bewusst ist und hierfür auch zu investieren bereit ist, dies nicht nur in Computertechnologie, sondern auch in sachkundiges und geschultes Personal. Bei Fortdauer dieser Entwicklung werden immer mehr Informationssuchende im Zustand eines fortgesetzt wachsenden Informationsdefizits zu arbeiten gezwungen sein, sehr zu ihrem Schaden und zum Schaden der Gemeinschaft, in welcher sie sich befinden. Dies wäre durch die bessere Nutzung des Wissens und der Erfahrungen aus der traditionellen Informationsbereitstellung vermeidbar."
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 55(2004) H.2, S.72
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Fugmann, R.: ¬Die Aufgabenteilung zwischen Wortschatz und Grammatik in einer Indexsprache (1979)
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Fugmann, R.: DIN 31623 oder die Problematik des genormten Indexierens (1979)
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Fugmann, R.: Natursprache versus Indexsprache in der Chemie-Dokumentation (1982)
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Fugmann, R.: Ordnung: oberstes Gebot in der Dokumentation : zugeich ein Beitrag zu einer Theorie der Dokumentation (1962)
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Fugmann, R.; Braun, W.; Vaupel, W.: GREMAS: ein Weg zur Klassifikation und Dokumentation in der Organischen Chemie (1963)
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Fugmann, R.: ¬Die hierarchische Notation von Begriffen : ein lohnendes Arbeitsfeld für programmgesteuerte Rechenautomaten (1962)
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Fugmann, R.: ¬Der Weg in die Sackgasse bei der mechanisierten Dokumentation (1966)
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