Search (10 results, page 1 of 1)

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Isbn

3-908490-94-4

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.4, S.608-609 (K.D. Desouza): "Richard Rogers explores the distinctiveness of the World Wide Web as a politically contested space where information searchers may encounter multiple explanations of reality. Sources of information on the Web are in constant competition with each other for attention. The attention a source receives will determine its prominence, the ability to be a provider of leading information, and its inclusion in authoritative spaces. Rogers explores the politics behind evaluating sources that are collected and housed on authoritative spaces. Information politics on the Web can be looked at in terms of frontend or back-end politics. Front-end politics is concerned with whether sources on the Web pay attention to principles of inclusivity, fairness, and scope of representation in how information is presented, while back-end politics examines the logic behind how search engines or portals select and index information. Concerning front-end politics, Rogers questions the various versions of reality one can derive from examining information on the Web, especially when issues of information inclusivity and scope of representation are toiled with. In addition, Rogers is concerned with how back-end politics are being controlled by dominant forces of the market (i.e., the more an organization is willing to pay, the greater will be the site's visibility and prominence in authoritative spaces), regardless of whether the information presented on the site justifies such a placement. In the book, Rogers illustrates the issues involved in back-end and front-end politics (though heavily slanted on front-end politics) using vivid cases, all of which are derived from his own research. The main thrust is the exploration of how various "information instruments," defined as "a digital and analytical means of recording (capturing) and subsequently reading indications of states of defined information streams (p. 19)," help capture the politics of the Web. Rogers employs four specific instruments (Lay Decision Support System, Issue Barometer, Web Issue Index of Civil Society, and Election Issue Tracker), which are covered in detail in core chapters of the book (Chapter 2-Chapter 5). The book is comprised of six chapters, with Chapter 1 being the traditional introduction and Chapter 6 being a summary of the major concepts discussed.
Chapter 2 examines the politics of information retrieval in the context of collaborative filtering techniques. Rogers begins by discussing the underpinnings of modern search engine design by examining medieval practices of knowledge seeking, following up with a critique of the collaborative filtering techniques. Rogers's major contention is that collaborative filtering rids us of user idiosyncrasies as search query strings, preferences, and recommendations are shared among users and without much care for the differences among them, both in terms of their innate characteristics and also their search goals. To illustrate Rogers' critiques of collaborative filtering, he describes an information searching experiment that he conducted with students at University of Vienna and University of Amsterdam. Students were asked to search for information on Viagra. As one can imagine, depending on a number of issues, not the least of which is what sources did one extract information from, a student would find different accounts of reality about Viagra, everything from a medical drug to a black-market drug ideal for underground trade. Rogers described how information on the Web differed from official accounts for certain events. The information on the Web served as an alternative reality. Chapter 3 describes the Web as a dynamic debate-mapping tool, a political instrument. Rogers introduces the "Issue Barometer," an information instrument that measures the social pressure on a topic being debated by analyzing data available from the Web. Measures used by the Issue Barometer include temperature of the issue (cold to hot), activity level of the debate (mild to intense), and territorialization (one country to many countries). The Issues Barometer is applied to an illustrative case of the public debate surrounding food safety in the Netherlands in 2001. Chapter 4 introduces "The Web Issue Index," which provides an indication of leading societal issues discussed on the Web. The empirical research on the Web Issues Index was conducted on the Genoa G8 Summit in 1999 and the anti-globalization movement. Rogers focus here was to examine the changing nature of prominent issues over time, i.e., how issues gained and lost attention and traction over time.

Isbn

0-262-18242-4

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Type

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Date

22. 3.2008 16:18:27

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Isbn

3-89842-785-4

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Isbn

1-56592-282-4

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Content

Inhalt: 1. Einleitung (A. Dengel, A. Bernardi) 2. Wissensrepräsentation (A. Dengel, A. Bernardi, L. van Elst) 3. Semantische Netze, Thesauri und Topic Maps (O. Rostanin, G. Weber) 4. Das Ressource Description Framework (T. Roth-Berghofer) 5. Ontologien und Ontologie-Abgleich in verteilten Informationssystemen (L. van Elst) 6. Anfragesprachen und Reasoning (M. Sintek) 7. Linked Open Data, Semantic Web Datensätze (G.A. Grimnes, O. Hartig, M. Kiesel, M. Liwicki) 8. Semantik in der Informationsextraktion (B. Adrian, B. Endres-Niggemeyer) 9. Semantische Suche (K. Schumacher, B. Forcher, T. Tran) 10. Erklärungsfähigkeit semantischer Systeme (B. Forcher, T. Roth-Berghofer, S. Agne) 11. Semantische Webservices zur Steuerung von Prooduktionsprozessen (M. Loskyll, J. Schlick, S. Hodeck, L. Ollinger, C. Maxeiner) 12. Wissensarbeit am Desktop (S. Schwarz, H. Maus, M. Kiesel, L. Sauermann) 13. Semantische Suche für medizinische Bilder (MEDICO) (M. Möller, M. Sintek) 14. Semantische Musikempfehlungen (S. Baumann, A. Passant) 15. Optimierung von Instandhaltungsprozessen durch Semantische Technologien (P. Stephan, M. Loskyll, C. Stahl, J. Schlick)

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Footnote

Rez. in: IWP 60(1009) H.4, S.245-246 (C. Wolff): "Der von Andrea Back (St. Gallen), Norbert Gronau (Potsdam) und Klaus Tochtermann herausgegebene Sammelband "Web 2.0 in der Unternehmenspraxis" verbindet in schlüssiger Weise die systematische Einführung in die Themen Web 2.0 und social software mit der Darstellung von Möglichkeiten, solche neuen Informationssysteme für Veränderungen im Unternehmen zu nutzen und zeigt dies anhand einer ganzen Reihe einzelner Fallstudien auf. Auch zukünftige Anwendungen wie das social semantic web werden als Entwicklungschance erörtert. In einer knappen Einleitung werden kurz die wesentlichen Begriffe wie Web 2.0, social software oder "Enterprise 2.0" eingeführt und der Aufbau des Bandes wird erläutert. Das sehr viel umfangreichere zweite Kapitel führt in die wesentlichen Systemtypen der social software ein: Erläutert werden Wikis, Weblogs, Social Bookmarking, Social Tagging, Podcasting, Newsfeeds, Communities und soziale Netzwerke sowie die technischen Besonderheiten von social software. Die Aufteilung ist überzeugend, für jeden Systemtyp werden nicht nur wesentliche Funktionen, sondern auch typische Anwendungen und insbesondere das Potenzial zur Nutzung im Unternehmen, insbesondere mit Blick auf Fragen des Wissensmanagements erläutert. Teilweise können die Autoren auch aktuelle Nutzungsdaten der Systeme ergänzen. Auch wenn bei der hohen Entwicklungsdynamik der social software-Systeme ständig neue Formen an Bedeutung gewinnen, vermag die Einteilung der Autoren zu überzeugen.

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Footnote

Thema von Kapitel 3 ist die sinnvolle Nutzung von Wikipedia: Sie ist auch eine Suchmaschine, da zu den Beiträgen qualifizierte Links angeboten werden; sie eignet sich zum Stöbern, als Einstieg in Themenbereiche und als Startpunkt für eine vertiefte Recherche, sie kann zur Bildersuche verwendet werden oder als Übersetzungsdienst. Hier klärt der Autor auch die häufig diskutierte Frage, ob aus Wikipedia zitiert werden darf. Man darf genau dann, wenn auch aus Enzyklopädien zitiert werden kann; für nicht-wissenschaftliche Zwecke ohne weiteres, weniger jedoch für wissenschaftliche, denn Enzyklopädien sind Tertiärquellen, in jedem Fall ist es also ratsam, Argumentationen auf Sekundär- und Primärquellen zu stützen, durchaus auch auf solche, die in Wikipedia genannt sind. Kapitel 4 beschäftigt sich mit den immer wieder monierten Schwachstellen von Wikipedia: fehlerhafte Informationen, Vandalismus und Manipulation, mangelnde Objektivität, mangelnde Aktualität und unberechenbare Veränderbarkeit der Inhalte. Kapitel 5 ist speziell für Lehrende in Schulen und Hochschulen interessant. Die genannten Fallstricke werden hier umgedeutet zu Chancen für eine didaktisch sinnvolle Nutzung von Wikipedia, unter dem Motto: nicht Hände weg von Wikipedia, sondern aktive Auseinandersetzung mit Wikipedia. Schüler und Studierende, die z.B. selbst Beiträge in Wikipedia verfassen, lernen schreiben und argumentieren, indem sie in Diskussion treten mit anderen Nutzer/innen; sie werden sensibilisiert für Plagiate, sie lernen selbständig zu formulieren, v.a. wenn sie nicht nur Fakten zusammentragen müssen, sondern den Auftrag haben, Informationen kritisch zu bewerten, zusammenzufassen, zu reflektieren und zu nutzen. Wikipedia kann demnach - so die sehr plausible Konsequenz - unter geeigneten didaktischen Voraussetzungen gerade zur Förderung von Informationskompetenz beitragen."