Search (59 results, page 1 of 3)

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Abstract

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), a system originally designed as a tool for subject access to the Library's own collection in the late nineteenth century, has become, in the course of the last century, the main subject retrieval tool in library catalogs throughout the United States and in many other countries. It is one of the largest non-specialized controlled vocabularies in the world. As LCSH enters a new century, it faces an information environment that has undergone vast changes from what had prevailed when LCSH began, or, indeed, from its state in the early days of the online age. In order to continue its mission and to be useful in spheres outside library catalogs as well, LCSH must adapt to the multifarious environment. One possible approach is to adopt a series of scalable and flexible syntax and application rules to meet the needs of different user communities

Date

27. 5.2001 16:22:21

Series

Cataloging and classification quarterly; vol.29, nos.1/2

Source

The LCSH century: one hundred years with the Library of Congress Subject Headings system. Ed.: A.T.Stone

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Abstract

Explores the idea that virtual books will send printed books into obsolescnece within the next decade giving rise to either book museums or to virtual libraries. The evidence suggestss that because librarians value confidentiality, intellectual freedom, users' ability to find information independently, awareness of their role in the community, literacy and continuing professional education, their educational role in helping users to navigate collections of books will not become redundant with the growth of electronic resources. Explores these trends in an art library context focusing on the indispensible nature of the art librarian

Date

19.11.1995 15:29:34

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Abstract

Defines digital libraries and discusses the effects of new technology on librarians. Examines the different viewpoints of librarians and information technologists on digital libraries. Describes the development of a digital library at the National Drug Intelligence Center, USA, which was carried out in collaboration with information technology experts. The system is based on Web enabled search technology to find information, data visualization and data mining to visualize it and use of SGML as an information standard to store it

Date

22.11.1998 18:57:22

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Abstract

The range, depths and limits of what we know depend on the media with which we attempt to record our knowledge. This essay begins with a brief review of developments in a) media: stone, manuscripts, books and digital media, to trace how collections of recorded knowledge expanded to 235,000 in 1837 and have expanded to over 100 million unique titles in a single database including over 1 billion individual listings in 2007. The advent of digital media has brought full text scanning and electronic networks, which enable us to consult digital books and images from our office, home or potentially even with our cell phones. These magnificent developments raise a number of concerns and new challenges. An historical survey of major projects that changed the world reveals that they have taken from one to eight centuries. This helps explain why commercial offerings, which offer useful, and even profitable short-term solutions often undermine a long-term vision. New technologies have the potential to transform our approach to knowledge, but require a vision of a systematic new approach to knowledge. This paper outlines four ingredients for such a vision in the European context. First, the scope of European observatories should be expanded to inform memory institutions of latest technological developments. Second, the quest for a European Digital Library should be expanded to include a distributed repository, a digital reference room and a virtual agora, whereby memory institutions will be linked with current research;. Third, there is need for an institute on Knowledge Organization that takes up anew Otlet's vision, and the pioneering efforts of the Mundaneum (Brussels) and the Bridge (Berlin). Fourth, we need to explore requirements for a Universal Digital Library, which works with countries around the world rather than simply imposing on them an external system. Here, the efforts of the proposed European University of Culture could be useful. Ultimately we need new systems, which open research into multiple ways of knowing, multiple "knowledges". In the past, we went to libraries to study the recorded world. In a world where cameras and sensors are omnipresent we have new recording worlds. In future, we may also use these recording worlds to study the riches of libraries.

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Abstract

Computer have been used in 2 areas of printed index production: to sort entries and fromat printed indexes, and to derive a series of index entries from a minimum intellectual input. Computer indexing enables more indexing terms to be used as well as weighted terms, links and roles. Interest in automatic indexing peaked in the mid-1960s and has since declined. Interest in machine-aided indexing concentrates on using the computer for on-line display or for indexing by extraction. Computers have also made possible the implementation of retrieval systems without indexing-free text systems. Considers future prospects and needs

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Content

If Babel symbolized our incommensurate ambition, the Library of Alexandria showed how this Ambition might be achieved. Set up by Ptolemy I in the third century B.C., it was meant to hold every book an every imaginable subject. To ensure that no title escaped its vast catalog. a royal decree ordered that any book brought into the City was to be confiscated and copied; only then would the original (sometimes the copy) be returned. A curious document from the second century B.C., the perhaps apocryphal "Letter of Aristeas," recounts the library's origins. To assemble a universal library (says the letter), King Ptolemy wrote "to all the sovereigns and governors an earth" begging them to send to him every kind of book by every kind of author, "poets and prose writers, rhetoricians and sophists, doctors and soothsayers, historians and all others, too." The king's librarians calculated that they required 500.000 scrolls if they were to collect in Alexandria "all the books of all the peoples of the world." But even this (by our standards) modest stock of a half-million books was too much for any reader. The librarians of Alexandria devised a system of annotated catalogs for which they chose works, they deemed especially important, and appended a brief description to each title - one of the earliest "recommended reading" lists. In Alexandria, it became clear that the greater your ambition, the narrower your scope. But our ambition persists recently, the most popular Internet search service. Google, announced that it had concluded agreements with several leading research libraries to make some of their books available online to researchers.
The practical arguments for such a step are irrefutable: quantity, speed, precision, on-demand availability are no doubt important to the scholar: And new technologies need not be exclusionary. The invention of photography did not eliminate painting, it renewed it, and no doubt the screen and the reference books can feed oft Bach other and coexist amicably an the same reader's desk. All we need to do is remember the corollaries tethe arguments in favor of a virtual library:" that reading, in orderto allow reflection, requires slowness, depth and context; that leafing through a material book or roaming through material shelves is an intimate part of the craft; that the omnipresent electronic technology is still fragile and that, as it changes. we keep losing the possibility of retrieving that which was once stored in now outdated containers. We can still read the words an papyrus ashes saved from the charred ruins of Pompeii; we don't know for how lung it will be possible to read a text inscribed in a 2004 CD. This is not a complaint just a reminder. Jorge Luis Berges invented a Bouvard-and-Pécuchet-like charafter who tries to compile a universal encyclopedia so complete that nothing world be excluded from it. In the end, like his French forerunners, he falls. but not entirely. On the evening an which he gives up bis great project. he hires. a horse and buggy and takes a tour of the city. He sees brick walls, ordinary people. houses, a river, a marketplace and feels that somehow all these things are his own work. He realizes that his project was not impossible but merely redundant. The world encyclopedia, the universal library, already exists and is the world itself."

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Abstract

Die Informationsexplosion ist zu einer Desinformationsexplosion geworden. Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie das System der Fachkommunikation geändert werden muss und welche Konsequenzen das haben wird. Die elektronische Publikation kann eine Abhilfe verschaffen, aber nur unter ganz bestimmten Bedingungen. Es ist notwendig, einen freien Zugang zur wissenschaftlichen Information zu gewähren und ein elektronisches, universelles Nachweissystem aufzubauen. Als Folge davon wird die Duplizität von Information überflüssig, um so viele Leser wie möglich zu erreichen. Das System der Fachkommunikation wird sich erheblich verändern. Eine Folge wird das Verschwinden der Zeitschrift sein, eine andere das der Monographie.

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Abstract

Presents a range of pessimistic and optimistic predictions for the future of the library. Foresees research libraries being more financially pressed and reducing acquisitions in isolation and in an uncoordinated manner. Also predicts that older materials will become less accessible, and that the nature of access will increasingly influence the nature of scholarly inquiry. Notes the optimistic promises of the virtual library, but argues that librarians will have to become more active, and harness the resources of the electronic world rather than simply learning about and playing with them. Also librarians must ask themselves how the routine ways of doing things might be done differently, given the new context of their work

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Abstract

The advent of digitization has profound implications for the information society as it rapidly changes the means of communicating. The broader implications of this transformation are responsible for the dramatic reinvention of businesses, organizations, governments, and entire cultures. Librarians and information professionals are grappling with these issues at a macro level, while current challenges posed by the issue of copyright illustrate further change taking place in their work. The way that knowledge is created is changing radically: as a result, a new role for the librarian is being forged (along with new opportunities); one that is more profound, requiring an understanding of the context in which information exists

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Content

Es gibt das öffentliche Gut "Informationsinfrastruktur" und das private Gut "Information". Für bestimmte Teile des Informationsmarktes werden Intermediäre wie Buchhändler und Bibliotheken überflüssig. Dies gilt vor allem für den Bereich naturwissenschaftlicher, medizinischer und technischer Literatur. Dieser Bereich ist teuer und ineffizient, weil zwei Funktionen miteinander vermischt sind. Zum einen geht es um die Versorgung mit Informationen darüber, was die Wissenschaft bereits geleistet hat und was nicht ein zweites Mal erarbeitet werden muß. Zum anderen geht es darum zu wissen: Wer hat was geleistet, wer wird auf seinem Fachgebiet künftig Herausragendes leisten. Es geht um Vergangenheit und um karriererelevantes Prestige. Gemessen wird das daran, wie oft jemand in Zeitschriften mit hoher Reputation veröffentlicht und wie häufig er zitiert wird. Diese doppelte Nachfrage treibt die Preise für wis-' senschaftliche Zeitschriften. In diesem System gegenseitiger, Begünstigung dienen die Bibliotheken nur noch als Parkplätze, auf denen Geldkoffer den Besitzer wechseln - wobei uns die Parkplatzwächterweismachen wollen, die Koffer seien zu klein. Ein Teil der Lösung wird im Direktbezug einzelner Aufsätze oder Informationen liegen, unter mehr oder weniger großer finanzieller Selbstbeteiligung der Wissenschaftler. Die Bibliothekare werden überflüssig wie Versicherungsmakler, sobald die Kun den ihre Versicherungen per Internet di rekt abschließen. Die strukturell bedingte Korruption je doch wird erst beendet sein, wenn das System der Informationsversorgung vom System der Prestigemessung getrennt sein wird. Die Herausgeber und Gutachter der wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, außerdem die übrigen Fachgelehrten und lesenden Wissensarbeiter sollten ihre Bewertungen von prestigeheischenden Beiträgen deshalb direkt in eine zentrale nationale oder besser internationale Datenbank eingeben, deren Inhalt öffentlich einsehbar ist und Auswertungen gestattet, beispielsweise wenn Stellen zu besetzen sind. Der Internetbuchhändler Amazon liefert mit seinen Leserbewertungen ein primitives Modell, das man beliebig verfeinern könnte. Und die Geisteswissenschaften? Bleiben sie nicht auf der Strecke, ebenso wie die Bibliotheken und ihr sogenannter "Kulturauftrag"? Am Beispiel der Bibliotheken zeigt sich vielmehr, daß wir die Digitalisierung der Gesellschaft, ihre Differenzierung nach funktionalen Gesichtspunkten selbst als unseren Kulturauftrag betrachten müssen. Einer künftigen Differenzierung in stark verschulte Lehramts- und "Bachelor"-Studiengänge einerseits und wissenschaftliche Master- und Promotionsstudiengänge andererseits entspräche eine Einteilung in möglichst virtualisierte Lehrstoffsammlungen und spezialisierte, um Archive oder Themenschwerpunkteherum organisierte Präsenzbibliotheken. Ihren tiefer als bisher verstandenen Kulturauftrag- den Bibliotheken - pathetisch gesprochen - als Friedhöfe des Geistes, als Mausoleen identitätstiftender Kulturdenkmäler, mit der Wissenschaft als begleitendem Totenamt. Wer liegt nicht lieber auf dem Père-Lachaise als auf dem Stadtfriedhof von Vechta? Das Internet könnte also bei der nationalen Reorganisation und Konzentration der geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungsbibliotheken als Börse dienen, in der Dauerleihgaben getauscht und zu .zeitlich begrenzten Sammlungen zusammengeführt werden können. Die Bibliothekare müßten jedoch auch hier ihre Fixierung auf stets wachsende Bestände lösen und die Differenz von unveräußerlichem Eigentum und befristetem Besitz - der "Nutzung" - lernen. In der Bibel steht nicht, was mit der Mutter und ihrem Kind weiter geschah. Sicher ist nur, daß sie nicht heimgingen, um gemeinsam eine "hybride Bibliothek", oder andere Ungeheuer auszubrüten, an die sogar der weise Wissenschaftsrat glaubt."

Date

26. 4.2002 11:22:22

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Abstract

If we are to learn about the impact of computers and networks on society, it will be necessary to address issues from broad cultural-historical perspectives, such as has been done for print culture by those in the 'histoire du livre' tradition. There are paradoxes faced by users of the Internet that have direct implications on their conceptions of the organization of knowledge. Perceptions of knowledge structures may play roles in searching habits or in deciding about he overall appropriateness of a Net search. The Net has been compared to a world brain and is here placed in the context of an early conception of a world brain

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Content

"Für Optimisten wie den amerikanischen Computerwissenschaftler Nicholas Negroponte bricht das kommende Digitalzeitalter wie eine Naturgewalt über uns herein. Als Zukunftsforscher kann ich jedoch nicht in den Tenor der üblichen kühnen Prophezeiungen der Medienbranche einstimmen. In Deutschland und den USA wird zwar viel über E-Commerce spekuliert. In Wirklichkeit nutzen aber die privaten Verbraucher dort Shopping, Reisebuchung und Bücherkauf per PC kaum (je unter 3 %), Hornebanking nur 5 % der Amerikaner und 3 % der Deutschen. Obwohl immer mehr Firmen online gehen, halten die Verbraucher weitgehend an ihren außerhäuslichen Konsumgewohnheiten fest. Bisher bietet das Netz gefühls- und erlebnismäßig einfach zu wenig. Auch 2010 werden über 90 % des privaten Verbrauchs nicht über OnlineGeschäfte getätigt. Selbst wenn sich der E-Commerce-Umsatz der privaten Verbraucher jährlich verdoppeln sollte, werden die Online-Geschäfte in Deutschland auch 2002 keine 3 % des Einzelhandelsumsatzes ausmachen (derzeit: 22 Milliarden Mark Einzelhandelsumsatz zu 2,5 Milliarden aus Online-Geschäften). Die Frage, warum Online-Shopping so wenig Resonanz findet, lässt sich auf folgende Ursachen zurückführen: Erlebniskonsum in den Shopping-Centern ist attraktiver; wachsende Ungeduld bei langem Laden der Website, Unzufriedenheit über verwirrend gestaltete Online-Shops, Enttäuschung über nicht verfügbare Produkte sowie Abbruch der Kaufabsicht, wenn das Shop-System abstürzt. Leider findet die digitale Revolution in Deutschland bisher fast nur auf Unternehmensseite statt, die Fragen nach den Bedürfnissen der Konsumenten bleiben weitgehend unbeantwortet.

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Abstract

Discusses the organisational structure of libraries and the institutions of higher education, within which they exist, and the influence of these structure on the development of information systems strategies. Considers the formulation of information system strategies. Provides graphs of the yearly increases of books and interlibrary loans, and monograph acquisitions and total serial subscriptions. Describes strategies for change: project groups and user driven systems and the library of the future

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Content

"When Randall C. Jimerson, the president of the Society of American Archivists, heard of Google's plan to convert certain holdings at Oxford University and at some of the leading research libraries in the United States into digital files, searchable over the Web, he asked, "What are they thinking?" Mr. Jimerson had worries. Who would select the material? How would it be organized and identified to avoid mountains of excerpts taken out of context? Would Google users eventually forgo the experience of holding a book or looking at a historicaldocument? But in recent interviews, many scholars and librarians applauded the announcement by Google, the operator of the world's most popular Internet search service, to digitize some of the collections at Oxford, the University of Michigan, Stanford University, Harvard and the New York Public Library. The plan, in the words of Paul Duguid, information specialist at the University of California at Berkeley, will "blast wide open" the walls around the libraries of world-class institutions.
"There may be some false consciousnesses about this breakthrough, that all learning will be at our fingertips," Mr. Darnton said of the plans to enhance Google's database. He saw room for both Google and real-world research. Libraries have already been changed by the Internet, said Paul LeClerc, president and chief executive of the New York Public Library: But libraries will still be needed to coliect and store information, he said. "TV did replace radio," Mr. LeCIerc said. "Videos and DVD's did not replace people going to the movies. It's still easier to read a book by hand than online." "The New-York Public Library Web site gets three-fourths of a billion hits a year from 200 different countries and territories, and that's with no marketing or advertising," he said. "That's the context in which this new element has to be placed." "We had 13 million reader visits last year," he continued. "We're serving a multiplicity of audiences - we serve people physically and virtually. It's an enormous contribution to human intellectual development." Many university leaders realize that for most people, information does not exist unless it is online, said Paul Courant, provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan. Mr. Courant envisioned that in 20 years archives would be shared by institutions. While the world needs "tens of thousands of copies of 'To the Lighthouse,"' he said, "we don't need to have a zillion copies of some arcane monograph written by a sociologist in 1951."

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Abstract

Much time and effort has been devoted to designing and developing library Web sites that are easy to navigate by both new students and experienced researchers. In a review of the Southampton Institute Library it was decided that in addition to updating the existing homepage an alternative would be offered. Drawing on theory relating to user interface design, learning styles and creative thinking, an Alternative Library navigation system was added to the more traditional library homepage. The aim was to provide students with a different way to explore and discover the wide range of information resources available by taking a less formal approach to navigation based on the metaphor of physical space and playful exploration.

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Abstract

Was wollen die Nutzer von morgen von den Öffentlichen Bibliotheken? Aktuelle Analysen wie die Online-Studien der Rundfunkanstalten ARD und ZDF zeigen, dass die heute 13- bis 20-Jährigen ganz andere Medien bevorzugen als die Jugendlichen noch vor wenigen Jahren. Weblogs, Spielkonsolen und Portale wie YouTube haben das Mediennutzungsverhalten beeinflusst. Wolfgang Tiedtke, Leiter der Portal-Abteilung der Hamburger Öffentlichen Bücherhallen, plädiert dafür, die »neuen Medien« in Zukunft noch ausdrücklicher auf der Agenda zu platzieren und auch eine virtuelle 3-D-Bibliotheks-Filale in Angriff zu nehmen - zum Beispiel auf der Plattform Second Life. Im Folgenden erläutert er auch die aktuellen Netz-Projekte im Hamburger System, wie Chatbot-Auskunft und »DiViBib«, und zieht eine vorläufige Bilanz.

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Content

Kommentare: "Keine leichte Lektüre, doch wer auf den Horizont blickt, kann diesen auch erweitern." (Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel, vorwärts.de, Lesetipp von SPD Spitzenpolitikern, 15. August 2017) "Das beste Buch dieses Frühjahrs." (Thorsten Giersch, Carina Kontio, Handelsblatt online, 29. Juni 2017) "Ein Sachbuch, so anregend, dass man dazu tanzen möchte!" (Denis Scheck, ARD Druckfrisch, 2. Juli 2017) "A thoughtful look of what may be in store for humanity (...). It is a deeply engaging book with lots of stimulating ideas (...). It makes you think about the future, which is another way of saying it makes you think about the present." (Bill Gates, via Facebook, 4. Juni 2017) "Yuval Noah Harari's insights are compelling." (Paul Collier, TLS, 25. November 2016 ) "Challenging, readable and thought-provoking." (Bill Gates, Gates Notes, Bill Gates' Sommer-Buchtipps, 22. Mai 2017) "Man sollte alle Geschichtslehrer von Harari coachen lassen." (Christian Jostmann, Die Furche, 20. April 2017) "Vielleicht brauchen wir ja düstere Szenarien, wie Hararis Buch 'Homo Deus', um den Mut für neue Utopien zu finden." (Sven Waskönig, ARD ttt, 30. April 2017)
"In einer verblüffenden Tour d'Horizon durch die Menschheitsgeschichte beschreibt Harari, wie der Mensch in einem Akt wachsender Selbstermächtigung zum Homo Deus avanciert." (Adrian Lobe, Zeit Online, 10. April 2017) "(Harari) hat ein anmaßendes Buch geschrieben. Und ein aufregendes." (Erik Raidt, Stuttgarter Nachrichten Online, 31. März 2017) "Intelligent, scharfsinnig und manchmal sogar überraschend witzig (...) eröffnet einen ganz anderen Blick auf Geschichte." (Klaus Bittermann, taz literataz, 22. März 2017) "Überraschend, informativ, abwechslungsreich und leicht zu lesen." (Hildegard Lorenz, Münchner Merkur, 21. März 2017) "Sehen, wie die Welt ist, ohne auf die Bremse zu treten. Das ist der Sound von Yuval Noah Hararis 'Homo Deus'." (Adolf Holl, Die Presse, 18. März 2017) "Hararis packendes Buch ist ein Bekenntnis zum Humanismus." (Thomas Vasek, P.M., 10. März 2017) "Überaus anregende und fesselnde Lektüre." (Wolfgang Schneider, SWR2, 19. Februar 2017) "Fulminant, klug und düster." (Deutschlandradio Kultur, März 2017)

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Source

Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.59, [=Suppl.22]

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Abstract

Suggests that the public library system in America is unique among nations for universal accessibility and openness to knowledge at community level. Suggests 4 features are distinctive: continuous expansion of the body of knowledge; knowledge accessibility in a free society; libraries as 'temples of pluralism', and simultaneously a unifying force in communal relations. Ideals are threatened by the information flood generated by new technology, with its repercussions on the communal functions of libraries. The Library of Congress's National Digital Library aims at a leadership role in the new electronic environment