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  1. Huvila, I.: Situational appropriation of information (2015) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Purpose In contrast to the interest of describing and managing the social processes of knowing, information science and information and knowledge management research have put less emphasis on discussing how particular information becomes usable and how it is used in different contexts and situations. The purpose of this paper is to address this major gap, and introduce and discuss the applicability of the notion of situational appropriation of information for shedding light on this particular process in the context of daily information work practices of professionals. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on the analysis of 25 qualitative interviews of archives, library and museum professionals conducted in two Nordic countries. Findings The study presents examples of how individuals appropriate different tangible and intangible assets as information on the basis of the situation in hand. Research limitations/implications The study proposes a new conceptual tool for articulating and conducting research on the process how information becomes useful in the situation in hand. Practical implications The situational appropriation of information perspective redefines the role of information management to incorporate a comprehensive awareness of the situations when information is useful and is being used. A better understanding how information becomes useful in diverse situations helps to discern the active role of contextual and situational effects and to exploit and take them into account as a part of the management of information and knowledge processes. Originality/value In contrast to orthodoxies of information science and information and knowledge management research, the notion of situational appropriation of information represents an alternative approach to the conceptualisation of information utilisation. It helps to frame particular types of instances of information use that are not necessarily addressed within the objectivistic, information seeker or learning oriented paradigms of information and knowledge management.
    Date
    20. 1.2015 18:30:22
  2. Yu, L.; Fan, Z.; Li, A.: ¬A hierarchical typology of scholarly information units : based on a deduction-verification study (2020) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Purpose The purpose of this paper is to lay a theoretical foundation for identifying operational information units for library and information professional activities in the context of scholarly communication. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a deduction-verification approach to formulate a typology of units for scholarly information. It first deduces possible units from an existing conceptualization of information, which defines information as the combined product of data and meaning, and then tests the usefulness of these units via two empirical investigations, one with a group of scholarly papers and the other with a sample of scholarly information users. Findings The results show that, on defining an information unit as a piece of information that is complete in both data and meaning, to such an extent that it remains meaningful to its target audience when retrieved and displayed independently in a database, it is then possible to formulate a hierarchical typology of units for scholarly information. The typology proposed in this study consists of three levels, which in turn, consists of 1, 5 and 44 units, respectively. Research limitations/implications The result of this study has theoretical implications on both the philosophical and conceptual levels: on the philosophical level, it hinges on, and reinforces the objective view of information; on the conceptual level, it challenges the conceptualization of work by IFLA's Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records and Library Reference Model but endorses that by Library of Congress's BIBFRAME 2.0 model. Practical implications It calls for reconsideration of existing operational units in a variety of library and information activities. Originality/value The study strengthens the conceptual foundation of operational information units and brings to light the primacy of "one work" as an information unit and the possibility for it to be supplemented by smaller units.
    Date
    14. 1.2020 11:15:22
  3. Rosenbaum, H.: Structure and action : towards a new concept of the information use environment (1996) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Examines the problems involved in accounting for in theoretical and empirical terms, the social context within which information is generated, sought for, acquired, evaluated, organized, disseminated, and used in complex formal organizations. Describes the findings of research based on an innovative theoretical approach that focuses on 1 important element of the social context of information, called the information use environment. This approach represents a conceptual advance that improves understanding of the complexities of the working world of information professionals
  4. McGarry, K.: ¬The changing context of information : an introductory analysis (1993) 0.02
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    Abstract
    The 2nd ed. of this introductory work gives an account of the new methods of thinking about information. The author examines the importance of the social and cultural context in analysing the meaning and relevance of information for the indivudual and society. He explores the interaction between communications technology, human information processing, the representation of information and the attendant problems of storage and transmission. The social implications of knowledge engineering are also discussed, together with the ethics of information and its relevance to the information professional of the next century
  5. Verdi, M.P.; Kulhavy, R.W.; Stock, W.A.; Rittscho, K.A.; Savenye, W.: Why maps improve memory for text : the influence of structural information on working-memory operations (1993) 0.02
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    Abstract
    In order to test how associated verbal and spatial stimuli are processed in memory, undergraduates studied a reference map as either an intact unit or as a series of individual features, and read a text containing facts related to map features. In Addition, the map was presented either before or after reading the text. Seeing the intact map prior to the text led to better recall of both map information and facts from the text. These results support a dual coding modell, where stimuli such as maps possess a retrieval advantage because they allow simultaneous representation in working memory. This advantage occurs because information from the map can be used to cue retrieval of associated verbal facts, without exceeding the processing constraints of the memorial system
    Date
    22. 7.2000 19:18:18
  6. Shannon, C.E.: ¬A mathematical theory of communication : pt.1.2 (1948) 0.01
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    Source
    Bell system telephone journal. 27(1948), S.379-423, 639-641
  7. Gowtham, M.S.: INFON: a unit for information measruement in an organised system as an approach to measure technical information of a document (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Introduces a concept for measuring the quantity of information an an organized system. The information content of an organizes information system can be measured on the basis of the information units present in the system and the way the information is structured. A unit of information can be defined as 'any idea or data present with all its parameters necessary and sufficient to comprehend it'. A term INFON is coined to denote the unit of information. This concept of an organized information system can be extended to a technical document to measure the quantity of technical information in the document
  8. Cole, C.: Interaction with an enabling information retrieval system : modeling the user's decoding and encoding operations (2000) 0.01
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    Abstract
    With new interactive technology, we can increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems that inform the user while the user is on-line interacting with the system. The purpose of this article is to model the information processing operations of a generic user who has just received an information message from the system and is stimulated by the message into grasping at a higher understanding of his or her information task or problem. The model consists of 3 levels, each of which forms a separate subsystem. In the Perseption subsystem, the user perceives the system message in a visual sense; in the Comprehension subsystem, the user must comprehend the system message; and in the Application subsystem, the user must (a) interpret the system message in terms of the user's task at hand, and (b) create and send a new message back to the system to complete the interaction. Because of the information process stimulated by the interaction, the user's new message forms a query to the system that more accurately represents the user's information need than would have been the case if the interaction had not taken place. This article proposes a device to enable clarification of the user's task, and thus his/her information need at the Application subsystem level of the model
  9. Zhang, P.; Soergel, D.: Towards a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking (2014) 0.01
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    Abstract
    This review introduces a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking to provide a theoretical basis for: - empirical studies that improve our understanding of the cognitive process and mechanisms of sensemaking and integration of results of such studies; - education in critical thinking and sensemaking skills; - the design of sensemaking assistant tools that support and guide users. The paper reviews and extends existing sensemaking models with ideas from learning and cognition. It reviews literature on sensemaking models in human-computer interaction (HCI), cognitive system engineering, organizational communication, and library and information sciences (LIS), learning theories, cognitive psychology, and task-based information seeking. The model resulting from this synthesis moves to a stronger basis for explaining sensemaking behaviors and conceptual changes. The model illustrates the iterative processes of sensemaking, extends existing models that focus on activities by integrating cognitive mechanisms and the creation of instantiated structure elements of knowledge, and different types of conceptual change to show a complete picture of the cognitive processes of sensemaking. The processes and cognitive mechanisms identified provide better foundations for knowledge creation, organization, and sharing practices and a stronger basis for design of sensemaking assistant systems and tools.
    Date
    22. 8.2014 16:55:39
  10. Hammond, N.: Tailoring hypertext for the learner (1991) 0.01
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    Series
    NATO ASI series, series F: computer and system sciences; 81
  11. Duchastel, P.C.: Examining cognitive processing in hypermedia usage (1990) 0.01
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    Abstract
    As a growing learning technology, hypermedia needs to be examined in terms of the cognitive processes it encourages in users. Descusses the characteristics that circumscribe hypermedia. Presents 2 perspectives on learning from hypermedia: purpose of usage (culture, education, information) and usage context. Describes 4 cognitive processes involved in hypermedia usage: browsing, searching, integrating, and angling (establishing multiple perspectives). Discusses 2 cognitive pitfalls: hyperspace wandering and cohesion deficit
  12. Chatman, E.A.; Pendleton, E.M.: Knowledge gap, information seeking and the poor (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Addresses the issues of information seeking behaviour within the context of an information poor lifestyle, i.e. one in which the mass media are not viewed as providers of useful information and in which there is a parsimony of helpful interpersonal channels. Examines knowledge gap theory and concludes that, although the mass media are perceived as sources of information for some (the 'media rich'), they do not respond to the needs of the poor. Unfortunately, the role that interpersonal sources might play in this process have not been adequately addressed by knowledge gap researchers
  13. Kangas, S.; Kuronen, T.; Pekkarinen, P.: ¬The right to information : the new role of libraries (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Reassesses the role of libraries in the context of the integration of individual countries in Europe into the European Union. As decision making passes from national to supranational bodies, there is the threat that citizens' access to information and the documents pertaining to them could become more restricted. Concludes that, to promote a discursive information environment in society, libraries should explore, evaluate, and enhance information distribution systems, facilitate citizens' access to information and encourage critical discourse through communication networks
  14. Ma, Y.: Internet: the global flow of information (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Colours, icons, graphics, hypertext links and other multimedia elements are variables that affect information search strategies and information seeking behaviour. These variables are culturally constructed and represented and are subject to individual and community interpretation. Hypothesizes that users in different communities (in intercultural or multicultural context) will interpret differently the meanings of the multimedia objects on the Internet. Users' interpretations of multimedia objects may differ from the intentions of the designers. A study in this area is being undertaken
  15. Bauwens, M.: Knowledge transfer in cyberspace : a model for future business practices (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Summarizes the different knowledge transfer practices that will dominate besiness and organizations in the next few years. Discusses cyberspace and the trend towards virtualization and sets out the differences between data, information, knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom. Describes the context of external cyberspace and the Internet, and dealing with a surplus of information. Discusses internal cyberspace and the use of forums, and addresses the question of the virtualization of paper based information centres
  16. Park, H.: Inferential representation of science documents (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The inferential communication model, which implies that the meaning of a document is inferred in the context of the user's situation to result in different meanings for users in different situations, is used to study an inferential science document representation method. Several topical components and non topical components of the science document were found as the inferred meanings of the document. These show the science document aspects which are used for relevance judgements. Science documents need to be represented in terms of these aspects for effective system's, intermediary's, and user's judgements of the meaning and the relevance of the document
  17. Talja, S.: Constituting 'information' and 'user' as research objects : a theory of knowledge formations as an alternative to the information man theory (1997) 0.01
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    Source
    Information seeking in context: Proceedings of an International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts, 14-16 August 1996, Tampere, Finland. Ed.: P. Vakkari u.a
  18. Tuominen, K.; Savolainen, R.: ¬A social constructionist approach to the study of information use as discursive action (1997) 0.01
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    Source
    Information seeking in context: Proceedings of an International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts, 14-16 August 1996, Tampere, Finland. Ed.: P. Vakkari u.a
  19. Tanton, J.: Charging for information : costing and pricing (1997) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The whole concept of charging for information is one with which a lot of people still have difficulty, especially in the context of the public library. discusses aspects of financial housekeeping including overheads, establishing prices, alternative pricing, and credit control, and argues that the key elements to bear in mind when charging for services are knowledge of the market, financial control and the need to be able to respond rapidly to changing circumstances
  20. Fricke, M.: Information using likeness measures (1997) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The information in a theory can be evaluated by measuring either its distance from the perfect theory or by measuring its distance from the right answer to the information seeking question that led to it. The measures here are provided by the Tichy-Hilpinen-Oddie-Niiniluoto-likeness measures which were introduced in the context of the philosophical problem of verisimilitude. It does not use or depend on probabilities or uncertainty and it permits false views or theories to possess information

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