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  1. Gonzalez, L.: What is FRBR? (2005) 0.00 
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  2. Ratzan, L.: Understanding information systems : what they do and why we need them (2004) 0.00 
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  3. Dewey, M.: ¬A classification and subject index for cataloguing and arranging the books and pamphlets of a library (1876) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The selection and arrangement of the thousand headings of the classification cannot be explained in detail for want of space. In all the work, philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness. The impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge as preserved in books, has been appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical harmony and exactness has been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library or to the convenience of the department in the college. As in every scheme, many minor subjects have been put under general heads to which they do not strictly belong. In some cases these headings have been printed in a distinctive type, e. g., 429 =Anglo-Saxon=, under =ENGLISH PHILOLOGY=. The rule has been to assign these subjects to the most nearly allied heads, or where it was thought they would be most useful. The only alternative was to omit them altogether. If any such omission occurs, it is unintentional and will be supplied as soon as discovered. Wherever practicable the heads have been so arranged that each subject is preceded and followed by the most nearly allied subjects and thus the greatest convenience is secured both in the catalogues and on the shelves. Theoretically, the division of every subject into just nine heads is absurd. Practically, it is desirable that the classification be as minute as possible without the use of additional figures, and the decimal principle on which our scheme hinges allows nine divisions as readily as a less number. This principle has proved wholly satisfactory in practice though it appears to destroy proper co-ordination in some places. It has seemed best in our library to use uniformly three figures in the class number. This enables us to classify certain subjects very minutely, giving, for example, an entire section to Chess. But the History of England has only one section, as our scheme is developed, and thus the two might be said to be co-ordinated. The apparent difficulty in such cases is entirely obviated by the use of a fourth figure, giving nine sub-sections to any subject of sufficient importance to warrant closer classification. In history where the classification is made wholly by countries, a fourth figure is added to give a division into _periods_. As the addition of each figure gives a ten-fold division, any desired degree of minuteness may be secured in the classing of special subjects. The apparent lack of co-ordination arises from the fact that only the first three figures of these more important heads are as yet printed, the fourth figure and the sub-sections being supplied on the catalogues in manuscript. Should the growth of any of these sub-sections warrant it, a fifth figure will be added, for the scheme admits of expansion without limit.
  4. Intner, S.S.; Lazinger, S.S.; Weihs, J.: Metadata and its impact on libraries (2005) 0.00 
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  5. Rogers, R.: Information politics on the Web (2004) 0.00 
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  6. Fuller, M.: Media ecologies : materialist energies in art and technoculture (2005) 0.00 
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  7. Hofstadter, D.R.: I am a strange loop (2007) 0.00 
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  8. Net effects : how librarians can manage the unintended consequenees of the Internet (2003) 0.00 
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  9. Tetens, H.: ¬Der neuronal gläserne Mensch : Hochkomplexes und hypersensitives System: Im Gehirn selbst könnten die Befürworter der Willensfreiheit einen unerwarteten Verbündeten finden (2004) 0.00 
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    Content
    Wer zweitens wissen will, wie es ein Gehirn anstellt, Bewusstseinserlebnisse auszulösen und das Verhalten zu steuern, muss das Gehirn genau dabei untersuchen. Aber präzise und detailliert dem Gehirn bei der Arbeit zuzuschauen, verlangt mehr oder weniger stark in das Gehirn einzugreifen. Da das Gehirn ein hypersensitives System ist, wird das Gehirn durch jede genauere Beobachtung selber verändert und beeinflusst. Wenn man genau wissen will, was sich im Gehirn einer Person im Detail tut, die zum Beispiel gerade eine stark befahrene Straße überquert, wird man das nur mit Methoden können, die die Testperson nicht daran hindern, die Straße zu überqueren. Wir kennen keine Methoden, das Gehirn während der Ausführung komplexer Handlungen einer Person zu beobachten. Alle Verfahren, Gehirne zu beobachten, lassen sich nur unter Laborbedingungen anwenden. Das Gehirn ist so hypersensitiv und hochkomplex, dass es vielleicht nie gelingen wird, die Aktivitä-ten der einzelnen Neuronen und die Dyna- mik ihrer Schaltkreise unter normalen Alltagsbedingungen detailliert und präzise zu beobachten. Dann aber würden wir Bewusstseinserlebnisse und Verhalten, wie sie für Alltagssituationen typisch sind, auch niemals genau aufgrund neurophysiologischer Daten vorhersagen oder gar technisch manipulieren können. - Neue Bescheidenheit - Eine dritte Überlegung kommt hinzu. Wir Menschen kommen ziemlich unfertig auf die Welt. Die meisten Fähigkeiten, die e ir-, gendwann einmal beherrschen, müssen wir nach der Geburt lernen. Vom neuronalen Standpunkt aus betrachtet lernen wir, indem neue Verschaltungen zwischen den Neuronen aufgebaut und bestehende verstärkt oder abgeschwächt werden. Das Gehirn hat zwischen 10**11° und 10**12 Neuronen. Jedes Neuron ist mit einigen tausendanderen Neuronen verschaltet. Der vollständige Schaltplan eines Gehirns enthält also mindestens 10**15 Informationen. Und das wäre dann auch nur der Schaltplan des Gehirns für einen bestimmten Zeitpunkt. Die zeitlichen Veränderungen der neuronalen Verschalturig wären damit 'überhaupt noch nicht erfasst. Nach allem, was wir wissen, können 10**15 und mehr Informationen auf der DNA überhaupt nicht codiert werden. Deshalb können die neuronalen Verschaltungen des Gehirns und ihre Dynamik, von denen die Leistungen eines Gehirns wesentlich abhängen; nicht vollständig genetisch' festgelegt sein. Das Gehirnentwickelt sich zu dem leistungsfähigen Organ also erst durch eine längere Lerngeschichte in einer natürlichen und sozialen Umgebung. Diese Lerngeschichte kann vermutlich, und so ist zu hoffen, nicht wesentlich verkürzt oder ersetzt werden durch direkte technische Manipulationen des Gehirns. Die Botschaft der drei Argumente dürfte klar geworden sein: Vielleicht schützt uns die Komplexität unserer Gehirne vor den Gefahren, zu viel über Gehirne zu wissen. Ist das Gehirn so komplex und hypersensitiv, dass es sich von uns nicht in die Karten schauen lässt oder, um bei der wissenschaftlichen Wahrheit zu bleiben, dass sich ein Gehirn nicht von einem anderen Gehirn in die Karten schauen lässt? Natürlich, die Komplexität des Gehirns ist ein unsicherer Verbündeter. Wir können nicht mit Sicherheit wissen, was wir in Zukunft wissen werden. Aber wer kennt einen besseren Verbündeten, um die "Putschisten im Labor", wie Hans Magnus Enzensberger sie nennt, noch davon abzuhalten, den Menschen als "frei denkendes Wesen" endgültig vom Thron zu stürzen?"
  10. Morville, P.: Ambient findability : what we find changes who we become (2005) 0.00 
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  11. Hersh, R.: Reply to Martin Gardner (2001) 0.00 
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