Search (58 results, page 1 of 3)

0.079043426 = product of:
  0.19760856 = sum of:
    0.17516573 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 7887) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.17516573 = score(doc=7887,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.6114497 = fieldWeight in 7887, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7887)
    0.022442836 = product of:
      0.044885673 = sum of:
        0.044885673 = weight(_text_:22 in 7887) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.044885673 = score(doc=7887,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1450166 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 7887, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7887)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.4 = coord(2/5)

Abstract

Discusses the importance and utility of a thesaurus of concepts to provide logical support for multilingualism. Deals in particular with the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Thesaurus,a nd the work of the IEC Thesaurus Working Group, consisting of specialists of the Research Institute in Electrical Engineering (ICPE) and the University Politehnica of Bucharest. Describes how this group contributed to the thesaurus and implemented the multilingual database required by the editing and updating of multilingual database required by the editing and updating of multilingual dictionaries in electrical engineering

Source

Probleme de Informare si Documentare. 28(1994) no.1, S.13-22

0.049402144 = product of:
  0.123505354 = sum of:
    0.109478585 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.109478585 = score(doc=1022,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.38215607 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
    0.014026772 = product of:
      0.028053544 = sum of:
        0.028053544 = weight(_text_:22 in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.028053544 = score(doc=1022,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1450166 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.19345059 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.4 = coord(2/5)

Abstract

Two probabilistic approaches to cross-lingual retrieval are in wide use today, those based on probabilistic models of relevance, as exemplified by INQUERY, and those based on language modeling. INQUERY, as a query net model, allows the easy incorporation of query operators, including a synonym operator, which has proven to be extremely useful in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), in an approach often called structured query translation. In contrast, language models incorporate translation probabilities into a unified framework. We compare the two approaches on Arabic and Spanish data sets, using two kinds of bilingual dictionaries--one derived from a conventional dictionary, and one derived from a parallel corpus. We find that structured query processing gives slightly better results when queries are not expanded. On the other hand, when queries are expanded, language modeling gives better results, but only when using a probabilistic dictionary derived from a parallel corpus. We pursue two additional issues inherent in the comparison of structured query processing with language modeling. The first concerns query expansion, and the second is the role of translation probabilities. We compare conventional expansion techniques (pseudo-relevance feedback) with relevance modeling, a new IR approach which fits into the formal framework of language modeling. We find that relevance modeling and pseudo-relevance feedback achieve comparable levels of retrieval and that good translation probabilities confer a small but significant advantage.

Date

26.12.2007 20:22:11

0.035033148 = product of:
  0.17516573 = sum of:
    0.17516573 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 4073) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.17516573 = score(doc=4073,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.6114497 = fieldWeight in 4073, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4073)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Presents a methodology for extracting information about lexical translation equivalences from the machine readable versions of conventional dictionaries (MRDs), and describes a series of experiments on semi automatic construction of a linked multilingual lexical knowledge base for English, Dutch and Spanish. Discusses the advantage and limitations of using MRDs that this has revealed, and some strategies developed to cover gaps where direct translation can be found

0.02627486 = product of:
  0.1313743 = sum of:
    0.1313743 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 4187) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.1313743 = score(doc=4187,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.4585873 = fieldWeight in 4187, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4187)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Multilingual access to library databases is a topic of concern not only to users in countries such as Switzerland in which several languages are spoken, but also to those who search for information in databases containing material in more than one language. The growth of networks means that libraries can access databases outside their own immediate circle but problems of differences in interfaces will continue until there is widespread compliance with Z39.50. Considers 2 approaches to multilingual access: the use of multilingual thesauri or authority records (which implies translation work before users search the database); and the translation of the search statement at the time of searching (which implies the existence of parsers and multilingual dictionaries)

0.02627486 = product of:
  0.1313743 = sum of:
    0.1313743 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 1052) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.1313743 = score(doc=1052,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.4585873 = fieldWeight in 1052, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1052)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Technical terms and proper names constitute a major problem in dictionary-based cross-language information retrieval (CLIR). However, technical terms and proper names in different languages often share the same Latin or Greek origin, being thus spelling variants of each other. In this paper we present a novel two-step fuzzy translation technique for cross-lingual spelling variants. In the first step, transformation rules are applied to source words to render them more similar to their target language equivalents. The rules are generated automatically using translation dictionaries as source data. In the second step, the intermediate forms obtained in the first step are translated into a target language using fuzzy matching. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated empirically using five source languages and English as a target language. The two-step technique performed better, in some cases considerably better, than fuzzy matching alone. Even using the first step as such showed promising results.

0.025253816 = product of:
  0.12626907 = sum of:
    0.12626907 = sum of:
      0.092604816 = weight(_text_:german in 5618) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.092604816 = score(doc=5618,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
            0.041411664 = queryNorm
          0.38502026 = fieldWeight in 5618, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
            0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5618)
      0.033664253 = weight(_text_:22 in 5618) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.033664253 = score(doc=5618,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.1450166 = queryWeight, product of:
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.041411664 = queryNorm
          0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 5618, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5618)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

A study group representing four European national libraries (the Swiss National Library, Die Deutsche Bibliothek, the Bibliothèque nationale de France and The British Library) recently conducted a study on the possibility of establishing multilingual thesaural links between the headings in the LCSH authority file and the authority files of the German indexing system SWD/RSWK and the French indexing system RAMEAU. The study demonstrated a high level of correspondence in main headings, but also revealed a number of issues requiring further investigation. The study group's findings led to recommendations on the scope for the development of a prototype system for linking the three Subject Heading Languages (SHLs) in the databases of the four institutions

Date

27. 5.2001 16:22:10

0.025253816 = product of:
  0.12626907 = sum of:
    0.12626907 = sum of:
      0.092604816 = weight(_text_:german in 93) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.092604816 = score(doc=93,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
            0.041411664 = queryNorm
          0.38502026 = fieldWeight in 93, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
            0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=93)
      0.033664253 = weight(_text_:22 in 93) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.033664253 = score(doc=93,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.1450166 = queryWeight, product of:
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.041411664 = queryNorm
          0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 93, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=93)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

This paper is about search of photos in photo databases of agencies which sell photos over the Internet. The problem is far from the behavior of photo databases managed by librarians and also far from the corpora generally used for research purposes. The descriptions use mainly single words and it is well known that it is not the best way to have a good search. This increases the problem of semantic ambiguity. This problem of semantic ambiguity is crucial for cross-language querying. On the other hand, users are not aware of documentation techniques and use generally very simple queries but want to get precise answers. This paper gives the experience gained in a 3 year use (2006-2008) of a cross-language access to several of the main international commercial photo databases. The languages used were French, English, and German.

Date

17. 4.2012 14:25:22

0.021895718 = product of:
  0.109478585 = sum of:
    0.109478585 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 30) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.109478585 = score(doc=30,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.38215607 = fieldWeight in 30, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=30)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

The growth in availability of multi-lingual data in all areas of the public and private sector is driving an increasing need for systems that facilitate access to multi-lingual resources. Cross-language Retrieval (CLR) technology is a means of addressing this need. A CLR system must address two main hurdles to effective cross-language retrieval. First, it must address the ambiguity that arises when trying to map the meaning of text across languages. That is, it must address both within-language ambiguity and cross-language ambiguity. Second, it has to incorporate multilingual resources that will enable it to perform the mapping across languages. The difficulty here is that there is a limited number of lexical resources and virtually none for some pairs of languages. This work focuses on a dictionary approach to addressing the problem of limited lexical resources. A dictionary approach is taken since bilingual dictionaries are more prevalent and simpler to apply than other resources. We show that a transitive translation approach, where a third language is employed as an interlingua between the source and target languages, is a viable means of performing CLR between languages for which no bilingual dictionary is available

0.021895718 = product of:
  0.109478585 = sum of:
    0.109478585 = weight(_text_:dictionaries in 2372) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.109478585 = score(doc=2372,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.2864761 = queryWeight, product of:
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.041411664 = queryNorm
        0.38215607 = fieldWeight in 2372, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2372)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Out of vocabulary words, mostly proper nouns and technical terms, are one main source of performance degradation in Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) systems. Those are words not found in the dictionary. Bilingual dictionaries in general do not cover most proper nouns, which are usually primary keys in the query. As they are spelling variants of each other in most languages, using an approximate string matching technique against the target database index is the common approach taken to find the target language correspondents of the original query key. N-gram technique proved to be the most effective among other string matching techniques. The issue arises when the languages dealt with have different alphabets. Transliteration is then applied based on phonetic similarities between the languages involved. In this study, both transliteration and the n-gram technique are combined to generate possible transliterations in an English-Arabic CLIR system. We refer to this technique as Transliteration N-Gram (TNG). We further enhance TNG by applying Part Of Speech disambiguation on the set of transliterations so that words with a similar spelling, but a different meaning, are excluded. Experimental results show that TNG gives promising results, and enhanced TNG further improves performance.

0.021044843 = product of:
  0.105224214 = sum of:
    0.105224214 = sum of:
      0.07717067 = weight(_text_:german in 2834) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.07717067 = score(doc=2834,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
            0.041411664 = queryNorm
          0.3208502 = fieldWeight in 2834, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2834)
      0.028053544 = weight(_text_:22 in 2834) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.028053544 = score(doc=2834,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.1450166 = queryWeight, product of:
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.041411664 = queryNorm
          0.19345059 = fieldWeight in 2834, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2834)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Multilingual controlled vocabularies are rare and often very limited in the choice of languages offered. TIIARA (Taxonomy for Image Indexing and RetrievAl) is a bilingual taxonomy developed for image indexing and retrieval. This controlled vocabulary offers indexers and image searchers innovative and coherent access points for ordinary images. The preliminary steps of the elaboration of the bilingual structure are presented. For its initial development, TIIARA included only two languages, French and English. As a logical follow-up, TIIARA was translated into eight languages-Arabic, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Mandarin Chinese, Italian, German, Hindi and Russian-in order to increase its international scope. This paper briefly describes the different stages of the development of the bilingual structure. The processes used in the translations are subsequently presented, as well as the main difficulties encountered by the translators. Adding more languages in TIIARA constitutes an added value for a controlled vocabulary meant to be used by image searchers, who are often limited by their lack of knowledge of multiple languages.

Source

Knowledge organization. 43(2016) no.1, S.22-34

0.013366356 = product of:
  0.066831775 = sum of:
    0.066831775 = product of:
      0.13366355 = sum of:
        0.13366355 = weight(_text_:german in 3956) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.13366355 = score(doc=3956,freq=6.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.5557289 = fieldWeight in 3956, product of:
              2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                6.0 = termFreq=6.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=3956)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Purpose - This study aims to focus on the evaluation of systems for the automatic translation of questions destined to translingual question-answer (QA) systems. The efficacy of online translators when performing as tools in QA systems is analysed using a collection of documents in the Spanish language. Design/methodology/approach - Automatic translation is evaluated in terms of the functionality of actual translations produced by three online translators (Google Translator, Promt Translator, and Worldlingo) by means of objective and subjective evaluation measures, and the typology of errors produced was identified. For this purpose, a comparative study of the quality of the translation of factual questions of the CLEF collection of queries was carried out, from German and French to Spanish. Findings - It was observed that the rates of error for the three systems evaluated here are greater in the translations pertaining to the language pair German-Spanish . Promt was identified as the most reliable translator of the three (on average) for the two linguistic combinations evaluated. However, for the Spanish-German pair, a good assessment of the Google online translator was obtained as well. Most errors (46.38 percent) tended to be of a lexical nature, followed by those due to a poor translation of the interrogative particle of the query (31.16 percent). Originality/value - The evaluation methodology applied focuses above all on the finality of the translation. That is, does the resulting question serve as effective input into a translingual QA system? Thus, instead of searching for "perfection", the functionality of the question and its capacity to lead one to an adequate response are appraised. The results obtained contribute to the development of improved translingual QA systems.

0.013232014 = product of:
  0.06616007 = sum of:
    0.06616007 = product of:
      0.13232014 = sum of:
        0.13232014 = weight(_text_:german in 6067) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.13232014 = score(doc=6067,freq=12.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.5501435 = fieldWeight in 6067, product of:
              3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                12.0 = termFreq=12.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=6067)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Content

Backgrund to the study: The question of multilingual access to bibliographic databases affects not only searchers in countries in which several languages are spoken such as Switzerland, but also all those who search material in databases containing material in more than one language, which is the case in the majority of scientific or research databases. he growth of networks means that we can easily access catalogues outside our own immediate circle - in another town, another country, another continent. In doing so we encounter problems concerning not only search interfaces, but also concerning subject access or even author access in another language. In France for example, each document, independently of the language in which it has been written, is indexed using a French-language subject heading language. Thus, in order to search by subject headings for documents written in English or German, held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the researcher from abroad has to master the French language. In theory, the indexer should be able to analyse a document and assign headings in his/her native language, while the user should be able to search in his/her native language. The language of the document itself should have no influence on the language of the subject heading language used for indexing nor on the language used for searching. (Practically speaking of course, there are restrictions, since there is a limit to the number of languages in which subject headings languages could be maintained and thus in which the user may search.) In the example below, we are concerned with three languages: German, French and English. If we can imagine a system in which there are equivalents among subject headings in these three languages, the following scenario may be envisaged: a German-speaking indexer will use German-language subject headings to index all the documents received, regardless of the language in which they are written. The user may search for these documents by entering subject headings in German, but also in French or in English, thanks to the equivalents that have been established, in French or in English without the necessity to know the other languages or the structure of the other SHLs. Ideally, this approach should not be confined to one database, but would allow the different databases to be brought together in virtual system: an English-speaking user in London should be able to search the database of the Deutsche Bibliothek in Frankfurt using English-language headings, and retrieving documents which have been indexed using the German subject headings' list.

0.013096297 = product of:
  0.065481484 = sum of:
    0.065481484 = product of:
      0.13096297 = sum of:
        0.13096297 = weight(_text_:german in 2342) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.13096297 = score(doc=2342,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.5445008 = fieldWeight in 2342, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2342)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Purpose - The aim of the current paper is to test whether query translation is beneficial in web retrieval. Design/methodology/approach - The language pairs were Finnish-Swedish, English-German and Finnish-French. A total of 12-18 participants were recruited for each language pair. Each participant performed four retrieval tasks. The author's aim was to compare the performance of the translated queries with that of the target language queries. Thus, the author asked participants to formulate a source language query and a target language query for each task. The source language queries were translated into the target language utilizing a dictionary-based system. In English-German, also machine translation was utilized. The author used Google as the search engine. Findings - The results differed depending on the language pair. The author concluded that the dictionary coverage had an effect on the results. On average, the results of query-translation were better than in the traditional laboratory tests. Originality/value - This research shows that query translation in web is beneficial especially for users with moderate and non-active language skills. This is valuable information for developers of cross-language information retrieval systems.

0.012347308 = product of:
  0.06173654 = sum of:
    0.06173654 = product of:
      0.12347308 = sum of:
        0.12347308 = weight(_text_:german in 7216) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.12347308 = score(doc=7216,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.5133603 = fieldWeight in 7216, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7216)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

The search system CANAL/LS simplifies the searching of library catalogues by analyzing search questions linguistically and translating them if required. The linguistic analysis reduces the search question words to their basic forms so that they can be compared with basic title forms. Consequently all variants of words and parts of compounds in German can be found. Presents the results of an analysis of search questions in a catalogue of 45.000 titles in the field of psychology

0.010803895 = product of:
  0.054019473 = sum of:
    0.054019473 = product of:
      0.10803895 = sum of:
        0.10803895 = weight(_text_:german in 6950) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.10803895 = score(doc=6950,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.4491903 = fieldWeight in 6950, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=6950)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

AGRIS, the International System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology became available on CD-ROM in 1989. In 1992, the AGROVOC thesaurus was added to the CD-ROM database a special searching feature. AGROVOC is a multilingual thesaurus of agricultural terminology, in English, French, Spanish, Italian and German, and is AGRIS's attempt to respond to demands for multilingual access the database. In 1986, AGROVOC became the mandatory indexing tool for AGRIS and replaced the commodity and geographical codes used previously. The thesaurus is divided into 2 main sections: a list of permuted term providing access to the online thesaurus via descriptors and cross references; and a term detail section providing information about relationships between descriptors

0.010803895 = product of:
  0.054019473 = sum of:
    0.054019473 = product of:
      0.10803895 = sum of:
        0.10803895 = weight(_text_:german in 4825) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.10803895 = score(doc=4825,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.4491903 = fieldWeight in 4825, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4825)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

In line with the international flavour of the book, Patrice Landry looks at the multilingual problem. This chapter is mainly concerned with a review of MACS (Multilingual Access to Subjects); a project with the strategy of developing a Web-based link and search interface through which equivalents between three Subject Heading Languages can be created and maintained, and by which users can access online databases in the language of their choice. The three systems in the project are German, French and English language. With the dramatic spread of use of the Web, particularly in the Far East, such projects are going to be increasingly valuable and important.

0.010803895 = product of:
  0.054019473 = sum of:
    0.054019473 = product of:
      0.10803895 = sum of:
        0.10803895 = weight(_text_:german in 5680) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.10803895 = score(doc=5680,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.4491903 = fieldWeight in 5680, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=5680)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

Shared authority files and cooperation in the development of national lists, both author and subject, have enabled libraries to share resources and improve access to their collections. As we move from national resource sharing to a more international approach, we face problems accessing catalogues in other languages. By creating links between existing subject heading languages (initially in French, German, and English), MACS (Multilingual Access to Subjects) allows users to carry out searches in major national library collections in Europe using subject headings in their own languages. An operational service will be available in 2004.

0.010803895 = product of:
  0.054019473 = sum of:
    0.054019473 = product of:
      0.10803895 = sum of:
        0.10803895 = weight(_text_:german in 983) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.10803895 = score(doc=983,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.4491903 = fieldWeight in 983, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=983)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

The present paper is offered as the first of a series of articles in which PRECIS will be reviewed as a potential multi-lingual system, having in mind the obvious need, notably in a European context, for standard and language independent methods of subject analysis and document description. This first paper outlines the origins of PRECIS, and considers its use in English language indexing. A second paper will deal in general terms with the syntactical model which is used for producing PRECIS input strings and index entries. Later papers will then review the application of this model to indexing in, firstly, the Germanic languages (e.g. German and Danish), and, secondly, the Romance languages, illustrated by French.

0.009260482 = product of:
  0.046302408 = sum of:
    0.046302408 = product of:
      0.092604816 = sum of:
        0.092604816 = weight(_text_:german in 4467) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.092604816 = score(doc=4467,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.38502026 = fieldWeight in 4467, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4467)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

This paper describes a proposal for a new approach to thesaurus design and construction that could have significant implications for change in the way multilingual thesauri are handled and integrated with each other. The formula presented here has its origin in the work of the German Thesaurus Committee and has had input from a number of scientists and practitioners in the field. The emphasis is on the various types of relationships found among concepts, notions and universals in languages. These relationships are analysed and refined beyond the approach taken in existing thesauri. This proposal is very much at the discussion stage and the author invites the assistance of interested readers through criticisms, discussion and dialogue. Applications of the proposed thesaurus are included and the major goal of this proposal is to provide the basis for improved design and integration of multilingual thesauri

0.009260482 = product of:
  0.046302408 = sum of:
    0.046302408 = product of:
      0.092604816 = sum of:
        0.092604816 = weight(_text_:german in 5009) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.092604816 = score(doc=5009,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.24051933 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.041411664 = queryNorm
            0.38502026 = fieldWeight in 5009, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.808009 = idf(docFreq=360, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5009)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.2 = coord(1/5)

Abstract

The MACS (Multilingual access to subjects) project is one of the many projects that are currently exploring solutions to multilingual subject access to online catalogs. Its strategy is to develop a Web based link and search interface through which equivalents between three Subject Heading Languages: SWD/RSWK (Schlagwortnormdatei/Regeln für den Schlagwortkatalog) for German, RAMEAU (Repertoire d'Autorite-Matière Encyclopedique et Alphabetique Unifie) for French and LCSH (Library of Congress Subject Headings) for English can be created and maintained, and by which users can access online databases in the language of their choice. Factors that have lead to this approach will be examined and the MACS linking strategy will be explained. The trend to using mapping or linking strategies between different controlled vocabularies to create multilingual access challenges the traditional view of the multilingual thesaurus.