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Luhn, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature (1985)
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- Abstract
- In the optimistic 1960s the potential of the computer seemed limitless. The realization of this potential in the area of information retrieval and dissemination owes much to the creative mind of Hans Peter Luhn. A pioneer of information science, he had a mind and an imagination that could transcend the state of the art. Luhn was born in Germany, where he studied technology, physics, and accounting. He came to the United States in 1924 and in 1941, at the age of 45, he joined IBM. In the course of his twenty-year tenure at IBM, he was issued over eighty patents; at one time he held more than any other IBM employee. Luhn is credited with originating KWIC indexes, computer selective dissemination systems (SDI), computer coding schemes, and statistical techniques for automatic indexing and abstracting. Also attributed to him is the first modern use of the word "thesaurus." The selection that follows modestly presents the idea of a Keyword in Context (KWIC) index. This is the idea of automatically identifying significant or "key" words and highlighting them in context. The context in question was normally a title. Though title term or catchword indexing had been practiced for over one hundred years, the implementation of the idea in mechanized systems in the 1960s was not trivial. It required programming the computer to recognize word boundaries and then developing a means for automatically differentiating significant from nonsignificant words. Spaces were used to demarcate word boundaries and a stop list, consisting of articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, some adjectives, and some very common words, was used to differentiate significant from nonsignificant words. A difficulty with any automatic indexing limited to extracting single words from texts is the semantic indeterminancy of the extracted character strings. To disambiguate these, Luhn adopted the concordance idea, proposing to display them in the context of their titles. Specifying the meaning of an index term by couching it in "context," anticipated the later development of string index languages such as PRECIS (PREserved Context Index System). Although the selection that follows is quite short, it presents, in addition to the idea of KWIC, what at the time were two innovative ideas. One is the distinction between the dissemination and the retrieval of information, in regard to which Luhn makes a point sometimes overlooked by modern critics of KWIC. This is that different purposes require different kinds of indexes; an index that is used to disseminate information for current awareness need not be as "perfect" as one used for retrospective information retrieval. The need to alert researchers to current information quickly, and the somewhat transitory character of this information, make KWIC, albeit quick and dirty, a costeffective alternative for dissemination indexes. The second harbinger idea is a method of uniquely identifying documents for retrieval using an identification code comprising the initial characters from a document's author, title, and - interestingly - year of publication. Luhn's mind was fertile indeed and he is aptly called a pioneer of information science.
-
Anker, J.: Some principles of a systematically arranged subject catalogue with an index (1956)
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-
Pfizer, Y.: Development of the 'Index of the Hebrew Daily Press` (1990)
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- Abstract
- The Index of the Hebrew Daily Press developed from the desire to meet reader's needs, in particular those of secondary school students and college students preparing term papers and small research projects. The Index began in the 1950s with the organisation of a card catalogue of selected articles from journals and newspapers. Discusses the problems in defining and establishing the thesaurus for such a catalogue, the growth, changes and development of the catalogue as a result of cooperative efforts at Tel-Hai Regional College Library and the University of Haifa Library.
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Kumar, T.V.R.; Parameswaran, M.: Chain procedure and dictionary catalogue (1998)
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-
Stauber, D.M.: Facing the text : content and structure in book indexing (2004)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: KO 32(2005) no.3, S.135-136 (N. Bridge): "Authors of books have usually lived with their material for years before they embark on the arduous business of writing the book, followed by the revisiting during the editing and publishing processes. The indexers of their books usually have between two and four weeks to absorb the subject of the book. Even with a prior knowledge of the discipline, they are faced with the author's particular "take" on the subject and writing style, including any one of a number of ways of presenting the material. This is multiplied in complexity when the book is a multiauthored work, a collection of essays and papers, comprising several authors' differing views and individual styles. Ideally, the indexer is an expert in the subject matter of the book, perfectly matched to the book; in practice, this almost never happens. Indexers aim at producing an index that is truly reflective of the individual book and its author, a goal that often seems overwhelming when the pile of page proofs arrives with the courier, or electronically through a PDF file, hundreds of pages of closely argued text. As well as the time limit, there can be other restrictions, most commonly having to make the index fit into the number of pages decreed by the publisher, with difficult, even agonizing decisions lying ahead. Consequently, indexers can fall into a number of different traps: getting lost in a welter of detailed overindexing; or, mindful of time and space limits, indexing too broadly and simplistically, bouncing from text heading to heading, topic sentence to topic sentence. Most indexers of academic books I know, including myself, tend to fall into the first category at least with their first few indexes. Especially when the content is personally fascinating, it's easy to lose a rational, analytical approach to the content of a book, and wrest this back only with difficulty during the editing stage with the deadline looming. Do Mi Stauber's title, Facing the Text, is, thus, provocative, because that's what all indexers inevitably have to do. She knows the process: for example, at the start, the "gap between you and those pages that for a moment seems very wide" (p. 1). This sympathetic, personal tone pervades the book: the emphasis is on the personal experiences, feelings, and perceptions of indexers when confronted by the various situations thrown up by indexing; it's "I" and "you" throughout. The chapter subheadings often echo this: my tendency to lose sight of main topics is explained and diagnosed in "Lost Among the Trees" (p. 63-64). The section "Being Stuck" (p. 324-26), describes a number of reasons for this common malady, along with remedies for each, including the "Hammock Method" (p. 46). Stauber has been presenting workshops with the title "Facing the Text" since 1997, and her book reflects a friendly, listening engagement with her audience.
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Ross, J.: ¬The impact of technology on indexing (2000)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2000) no.1, S.25-26
-
Walker, A.: Indexing commonplace books : John Locke's method (2001)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2001) no.3, S.14-18
-
Crystal, D.: Quote index unquote (2000)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2000) no.1, S.14-20
-
Matthews, D.: Indexing published letters (2001)
0.02
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2001) no.3, S.135-141
-
Collins, F.H.; Robertson, M.: ¬The making of an index (1993)
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- Abstract
- Reprints of two early texts on indexing by Frederick Howard Collins: 'Making of an index' from the 2nd ed. of Charkes T. Jacobi's 'Some notes on books and printing: a guide for authors and others (1902)' and 'Subject indexes: some principles which underlie them' prepared for the Royal Society in 1986 for participants in a conference on an International Catalogue of Science. Michael Robertson has edited the texts and provides a background to them
-
Gratch, B.; Settel, B.; Atherton, P.: Characteristics of book indexes for subject retrieval in the humanities and social sciences (1978)
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- Source
- Indexer. 11(1978), S.14-22
-
Davis, M.: Building a global legal index : a work in progress (2001)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2001) no.3, S.123-127
-
Browne, G.: ¬The definite article : acknowledging The in index entries (2001)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2001) no.3, S.119-122
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Weinberg, B.H.: Book indexes in France : medieval specimens and modern practices (2000)
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- Indexer. 22(2000) no.1, S.2-13
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Mauer, P.: Embedded indexing : pros and cons for the indexer (2000)
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- Indexer. 22(2000) no.1, S.27-28
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Anderson, C.R.: Indexing with a computer : past and present (2000)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2000) no.1, S.23-24
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Lee, D.: Judging indexes : the criteria for a good index (2001)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2001) no.4, S.191-194
-
Weinberg, B.H.: Predecessors of scientific indexing structures in the domain of religion (2001)
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- Indexer. 22(2001) no.4, S.178-180
-
Weinberg, B.H.: Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists : preludes to the first Latin concordances (2004)
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- Date
- 17.10.2005 13:54:22
-
Bell, H.K.: Indexing biographies, and other stories of human lives (1992)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.1, S.46-47 (R. Fugmann)
