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  • × author_ss:"Austin, D."
  1. Austin, D.: PRECIS: Introduction (1987) 0.02
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    Footnote
    Zusammenfassende kompakte Darstellung des Systems PRECIS, seiner Geschichte, Eigenschaften und Möglichkeiten bis hin zum Online-Retrieval. - Als Einführung zu empfehlen
    Source
    Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.42, [=Suppl.7]
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  2. Austin, D.: ¬The role of indexing in subject retrieval (1976) 0.01
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  3. Austin, D.: PRECIS (2009) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Derek Austin's PRECIS, or PREserved Context Index System, was one of the most sophisticated indexing systems ever developed for text. Austin noted that there are many ways that the meaning of index entries may be misread and misunderstood, if the original context from which the concept came was not present. Drawing on a good understanding of linguistics, Austin and his colleagues developed a highly rigorous, yet not impossibly difficult, set of principles to use in indexing with the help of PRECIS. The system was particularly valuable for generating multiple word orderings of entries that still retained their proper contextual meaning. Much of the need for this feature was obviated by the development of powerful full text searching in information systems, however, and PRECIS receded from view in information science. The final sections of the article that address the details of coding and indexing management are deleted from the text below.
    Source
    Encyclopedia of library and information sciences. 3rd ed. Ed.: M.J. Bates
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  4. Austin, D.: Automatisierung in der Sacherschließung der British Library (1984) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit Management-Aspekten der Sacherschließung in der British Library, Bibliographic Services Division, wo computergestützte, nicht völlig "automatische" Verfahren angewendet werden. In einer ausführlichen Darstellung des Arbeitsablaufes im Subject Systems Office wird der Weg eines Dokumentes durch die verschiedenen Sektionen verfolgt, und die betriebswirtschaftlichen Folgen der besonderen Rolle von PRECIS in diesem Arbeitsablauf werden erörtert. Das Mehrdateiensystem der British-Library-Datenbank wird beschrieben; es wird gezeigt, wie diese Struktur den effektiven Wiedergebrauch von Daten ermöglicht. Weiterhin wird die Verbesserung des on-line Retrieval durch den Einbau von präkoordinierten Themenangaben in den Suchablauf behandelt; abschließend wird die Rolle des Computers in der Sacherschließung einer IuD-Einrichtung wie der British Library diskutiert
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  5. Austin, D.: Differences between library classifications and machine-based subject retrieval systems : some inferences drawn from research in Britain, 1963-1973 (1979) 0.00
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    Source
    Ordering systems for global information networks. Proc. of the 3rd Int. Study Conf. on Classification Research, Bombay 1975. Ed. by A. Neelameghan
  6. Austin, D.; Digger, J.A.: PRECIS: The Preserved Context Index System (1977) 0.00
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  7. Austin, D.: Prospects for a new general classification (1969) 0.00
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    Abstract
    In traditional classification schemes, the universe of knowledge is brokeii down into self- contained disciplines which are further analysed to the point at which a particular concept is located. This leads to problems of: (a) currency: keeping the scheme in line with new discoveries. (b) hospitality: allowing room for insertion of new subjects (c) cross-classification: a concept may be considered in such a way that it fits as logically into one discipline as another. Machine retrieval is also hampered by the fact that any individual concept is notated differently, depending on where in the scheme it appears. The approach now considered is from an organized universe of concepts, every concept being set down only once in an appropriate vocabulary, where it acquires the notation which identifies it wherever it is used. It has been found that all the concepts present in any compound subject can be handled as though they belong to one of two basic concept types, being either Entities or Attributes. In classing, these concepts are identified, and notation is selected from appropriate schedules. Subjects are then built according to formal rules, the final class number incorporating operators which convey the fundamental relationships between concepts. From this viewpoint, the Rules and Operators of the proposed system can be seen as the grammar of an IR language, and the schedules of Entities and Attributes as its vocabulary.
  8. Austin, D.: ¬The development of PRECIS: a theoretical and technical history (1974) 0.00
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  9. Austin, D.: PRECIS: Grundprinzipien, Funktion und Anwendung (1983) 0.00
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  10. Austin, D.: PRECIS: Basic principles, functions and use (1984) 0.00
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  11. Austin, D.: PRECIS: theory and practice (1984) 0.00
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  12. Austin, D.: PRECIS: a manual of concept analysis and subject indexing (1984) 0.00
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    LCSH
    PRECIS (Indexing system)
    Subject
    PRECIS (Indexing system)
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  13. Austin, D.; Digger, J.A.: PRECIS: The Preserved Context Index System (1985) 0.00
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    Abstract
    Probably the most interesting, original and controversial indexing system of the 1970s has been PRECIS (the Preserved Context Index System) developed by Derek Austin. It attracted such attention that the short courses given at the British National Bibliography offices in London -initiated as a means of teaching the staff of BNB who did subject indexing-were repeated all over the world, in the form of three-day or three-week sessions. A few fortunate non-BNB indexers were taken into London classes, taught by Austin and Digger, and had the advantage of a week's work with the regular staff theresomething that could not be done elsewhere. In addition, descriptions of the system were published from time to time as progress was made an the system itself and clarification or updating were needed. This article has been selected as an example of clarification. A second edition of the original 1974 Manual describing PRECIS appeared in early 1984, so the system may now be regarded as fully mature. PRECIS, which is the culmination of Austin's research for the Classification Research Group plus considerable additional input from the science of linguistics, is a highly sophisticated indexing system, deliberately created to be used with a computer. The motive behind it was that the indexer should do the brain work and the computer the nitty-gritty work of manipulating index terms. Chosen combinations and permutations are used as head words under strict rules to ensure that the context which defines the specific meaning of these words is always present, thus avoiding the ambiguity problem in indexing. The system also has classifi ation features, in part drawn from the Group's long interest in faceted classification. The actual index produces a large number of index entries, each carrying with it the basic context of the item being described. A weIl-defined terminology, in addition to contextdependency, is a feature of PRECIS. Role operators define the types of terms used and control the manipulations of the terms, which are originally entered as a string. The indexer is able to analyze and reduce to string form any document, process, or material that can be described in words, making it ideal for most audiovisual material.
    The system itself has two major aspects: - a syntactic approach in which relationships between terms are identified and tagged. Suitable algorithms for manipulation produce a very thorough index in which each head word is kept in context. - a semantic approach in which terminology is weIl defined by ensuring that the relationships of equivalence, hierarchy, and association are clearly established. Charts of relationships are created by inductive means (i.e., from the ground up). A special code for computer manipulation is used with each line of the string. This translates the string format into one that, with specially derived algorithms, can be used by the computer, to produce the actual index headings with all parts rotated by following the algorithm. The PRECIS system has been translated and utilized for languages other than English, notably French, German, and Danish. Modifications needed for idiosyncracies of each language have been made. Some, such as those modifications needed for German, have turned out to have usefulness with English as weIl. All in all, the system has such advanced indexing concepts that it provides a kind of indexing not possible before the computer came into common usage. Austin, who joined the staff of the British National Bibliography in 1963, is currently a member of the British Library staff. His early work included a NATO-sponsored research assignment for the Classification Research Group (q.v.). This, in turn, led to the development of PRECIS.
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  14. Austin, D.; Sørensen, J.: PRECIS in a multilingual context : Pt.3: Multilingual experiments, proposed codes, and procedures for the Germanic languages. (1976) 0.00
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    Abstract
    PRECIS was introduced, mainly as an English language system, in the first paper in this series (1), and that account was followed by a generalised logicolinguistic explanation in the second (2). The present paper sets out to consider more practical matters of two kinds. Firstly, it describes some of the experiments in multilingual indexing which have been carried out already, noting in particular the lessons, leading to new procedures, drawn from these experiences. Secondly, the theoretical model proposed in the second paper, together with some of the new codes and procedures found to be necessary as the result of experiment with non-English languages, are related specifically to work in the Germanic languages.
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  15. Austin, D.: PRECIS in a multilingual context : Pt.1: PRECIS: an overview (1976) 0.00
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    Abstract
    The present paper is offered as the first of a series of articles in which PRECIS will be reviewed as a potential multi-lingual system, having in mind the obvious need, notably in a European context, for standard and language independent methods of subject analysis and document description. This first paper outlines the origins of PRECIS, and considers its use in English language indexing. A second paper will deal in general terms with the syntactical model which is used for producing PRECIS input strings and index entries. Later papers will then review the application of this model to indexing in, firstly, the Germanic languages (e.g. German and Danish), and, secondly, the Romance languages, illustrated by French.
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  16. Austin, D.: Derek Austin : developing PRECIS, Preserved Context Index System (1998) 0.00
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  17. Austin, D.; Sørensen, J.: PRECIS in a multilingual context : Pt.2: A linguistic and logical explanation of the syntax. (1976) 0.00
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    Abstract
    In this second paper in the series on PRECIS we set out to establish a theoretical model of the indexing operation to account for the growing empirical evidence that PRECIS can be applied successfully to the terms and phrases of more than one natural language (NL). For this purpose, the system is examined from two different but related viewpoints, the first linguistic and the second logical. In linguistic terms, the schema of role operators is related to certain features of NL which are regarded by linguists as language-independent, particular attention being paid to Chomsky's 1965 theory, the notion of deep cases, and the idea that roles, as used in an indexing language (IL) are related to deep cases in NL. It is realised that we should not rely too heavily on analogies between NL and IL, on the grounds that these two kinds of language have different structures and to some extent different functions, Consequently, the structure of a PRECIS string is also considered in terms of an alternative logic, and it is suggested that the order of terms in strings and entries, explained in the earlier paper through reference to the dual properties of context-dependency and one-toone relationships, is also amenable to a different but reinforcing explanation in terms of time-dependency. These two types of explanation, the linguistic and the logical, form the basis for a proposed theoretical model of the 'stages of indexing'. Finally, the authors consider the implications of this model for multilingual indexing.
    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  18. Austin, D.; Sørensen, J.: Zusammenarbeit in der Entwicklung and Anwendung von PRECIS (1978) 0.00
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    Theme
    Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
  19. Austin, D.: ¬The exchange of subject information (1975) 0.00
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    Source
    The interchange of bibliographic information in machine readable form. Ed.: R.E. Coward u. M. Yelland
  20. Austin, D.: Vocabulary control and information technology (1986) 0.00
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