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Footnote

Rez. in: Philosophisch-ethische Rezensionen vom 09.11.2019 (Jürgen Czogalla), Unter: https://philosophisch-ethische-rezensionen.de/rezension/Goedert1.html. In: B.I.T. online 23(2020) H.3, S.345-347 (W. Sühl-Strohmenger) [Unter: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-t-online.de%2Fheft%2F2020-03-rezensionen.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0iY3f_zNcvEjeZ6inHVnOK]. In: Open Password Nr. 805 vom 14.08.2020 (H.-C. Hobohm) [Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzE0MywiOGI3NjZkZmNkZjQ1IiwwLDAsMTMxLDFd].

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Source

Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]

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Source

http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_

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Abstract

This article is about the mental coding processes involved in the flow of 'information' when the user is interacting with an 'enabling' information retrieval system. An 'enabling' IR system is designed to stimulate the user's grasping towards a higher understanding of the information need / problem / task that brought the user to the IR system. C. Shannon's (1949/1959) model of the flow of information and K.R. Popper's (1975) 3 worlds concept are used to diagram the flow of information between the user and system when the user receives a stimulating massage, with particluar emphasis on the decoding and encoding operations involved as the user processes the message. The key difference between the model of information flow proposed here and the linear transmission, receiver-oriented model now in use is that we assume that users of a truly interactive, 'enabling' IR system are primarily message senders, not passive receivers of the message, because they must create a new message back to the system, absed on a reconceptualization of their information need, while they are 'online' interacting with the system

Date

22. 5.1999 14:51:49

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.6, S.544-552

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Abstract

Hypertext uses a browsing rather than a searching strategy. Hypertext systems have found applications in a number of areas. They give users choice of information but this can prove a drawback. Examnines the effectiveness of hypertext as a way of retrieving information and reviews conventional information retrieval techniques. Considers previous attempts at combining information retrieval and hypertext and outlines a prototype systems developed to generate guided tours for users to direct them through hypertext to information they have requested. Discusses how adding this kind of itelligent guidance to a hypertext system would affect its usability as an information system

Source

European journal of information systems. 1(1991) no.4, S.239-247

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Abstract

In order to test how associated verbal and spatial stimuli are processed in memory, undergraduates studied a reference map as either an intact unit or as a series of individual features, and read a text containing facts related to map features. In Addition, the map was presented either before or after reading the text. Seeing the intact map prior to the text led to better recall of both map information and facts from the text. These results support a dual coding modell, where stimuli such as maps possess a retrieval advantage because they allow simultaneous representation in working memory. This advantage occurs because information from the map can be used to cue retrieval of associated verbal facts, without exceeding the processing constraints of the memorial system

Date

22. 7.2000 19:18:18

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Abstract

Cognitive research into information science started at the International Workshop on the Cognitive viewpoint, Ghent, Belgium, 1977, where it was made clear that the task of research is to improve information flow, specifically through creating models of users' knowledge compatible with the conceptual frameworks used by information retrieval systems. Divides users' knowledge into knowledge of the world, of the information retrieval system, of the task and of the domain. Cognitivism as a research direction in information science explains how the cognitive processes and objects might influence information retrieval and representation

Footnote

Übers. d. Titels: Cognitivism in information

Theme

Information

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Date

15. 7.2002 14:22:55

LCSH

Information storage and retrieval systems / Social aspects

PRECIS

Society / Effects of technological development in information systems

Subject

Information storage and retrieval systems / Social aspects
Society / Effects of technological development in information systems

Theme

Information

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Abstract

With new interactive technology, we can increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems that inform the user while the user is on-line interacting with the system. The purpose of this article is to model the information processing operations of a generic user who has just received an information message from the system and is stimulated by the message into grasping at a higher understanding of his or her information task or problem. The model consists of 3 levels, each of which forms a separate subsystem. In the Perseption subsystem, the user perceives the system message in a visual sense; in the Comprehension subsystem, the user must comprehend the system message; and in the Application subsystem, the user must (a) interpret the system message in terms of the user's task at hand, and (b) create and send a new message back to the system to complete the interaction. Because of the information process stimulated by the interaction, the user's new message forms a query to the system that more accurately represents the user's information need than would have been the case if the interaction had not taken place. This article proposes a device to enable clarification of the user's task, and thus his/her information need at the Application subsystem level of the model

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.5, S.417-426

Theme

Information

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Abstract

The existing tools of relevance, recall and precision have their place in the evaluation of information retrieval systems, but do not tell the whole story. They cannot, for example, make allowance for the enquirer already knowing of the existence of a document or the subsequent availability of items. Utility theory goes part way towards meeting the need by assessing the likely usefulness of documents. Arguing that information is not information until it is used, the paper suggests an additional approach to information system evaluation - the 'use-value' of information

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This article proposes a theory of information need for information retrieval (IR). Information need traditionally denotes the start state for someone seeking information, which includes information search using an IR system. There are two perspectives on information need. The dominant, computer science perspective is that the user needs to find an answer to a well-defined question which is easy for the user to formulate into a query to the system. Ironically, information science's best known model of information need (Taylor, 1968) deems it to be a "black box"-unknowable and nonspecifiable by the user in a query to the information system. Information science has instead devoted itself to studying eight adjacent or surrogate concepts (information seeking, search and use; problem, problematic situation and task; sense making and evolutionary adaptation/information foraging). Based on an analysis of these eight adjacent/surrogate concepts, we create six testable propositions for a theory of information need. The central assumption of the theory is that while computer science sees IR as an information- or answer-finding system, focused on the user finding an answer, an information science or user-oriented theory of information need envisages a knowledge formulation/acquisition system.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 62(2011) no.7, S.1216-1231

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Information is and always has been an elusive concept; nevertheless many philosophers, mathematicians, logicians and computer scientists have felt that it is fundamental. Many attempts have been made to come up with some sensible and intuitively acceptable definition of information; up to now, none of these have succeeded. This work is based on the approach followed by Dretske, Barwise, and Devlin, who claimed that the notion of information starts from the position that given an ontology of objects individuated by a cognitive agent, it makes sense to speak of the information an object (e.g., a text, an image, a video) contains about another object (e.g. the query). This phenomenon is captured by the flow of information between objects. Its exploitation is the task of an information retrieval system. These authors proposes a theory of information that provides an analysis of the concept of information (any type, from any media) and the manner in which intelligent organisms (referring to as cognitive agents) handle and respond to the information picked up from their environment. They defined the nature of information flow and the mechanisms that give rise to such a flow. The theory, which is based on Situation Theory, is expressed with a calculus defined on channels. The calculus was defined so that it satisfies properties that are attributes to information and its flows. This paper demonstrates the connection between this calculus and information retrieval, and porposes a model of an information retrieval system based on this calculus

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 47(1996) no.5, S.385-398

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This study establishes 3 predominant cognitive models of information and the information transfer process manifest in the literature of library and information science, based on a linguistic analysis of phrases incoporating the word 'information' from a random sample of abstracts in the LISA database. The direct communication (DC) and indirect communication (IC) models (drawn from Reddy's frameworks of metalinguistic usage) adopt the perspective of the information system; the information-seeking (IS) model takes the viewpoint of the information user. 2 disturbing findings are presented: 1. core elements of the DC and IC models are more weakly supported by the data than are most of the peripheral elements; and 2. even though the IS model presents the information user's perspective, the data emphasise the role of the information system. These findings suggest respectively that the field lacks a coherent model of information transfer per se and that our model of information retrieval is mechanistic, oblivious to the cognitive models of end users

Footnote

Enthält eine umfangreiche Liste von Redewendungen mit 'Information'

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Discusses the various purposes of knowledge representation including the understanding of texts, cognitive research, expert system development and information retrieval. Analyses the relationship of classification to knowledge, including the role of cluster analysis. Examines the problems of knowledge representation and the solution offered through proper classification

Source

Library science with a slant to documentation and information studies. 34(1997) no.2, S.85-90

Theme

Information

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Abstract

With new interactive technology, information science can use its traditional information focus to increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems (IRSs) that inform the user about her task, and help the user get the task done, while the user is on-line interacting with the system. By doing so, the system enables the user to perform the task for which the information is being sought. In previous articles, we modeled the information flow and coding operations of a user who has just received an informative IRS message, dividing the user's processing of the IRS message into three subsystem levels. In this article, we use Kintsch's proposition-based construction-integration theory of discourse comprehension to further detail the user coding operations that occur in each of the three subsystems. Our enabling devices are designed to facilitate a specific coding operation in a specific subsystem. In this article, we describe an IRS device made up of two separate parts that enable the user's (1) decoding and (2) encoding of an IRS message in the Comprehension subsystem

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.11, S.1033-1046

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Within dynamic organizations, information systems often fail to adapt to changing requirements and structures. The book presents a different view of IS provision, based on end-user information systems construction, as a means of avoiding many of the recognized problems. Adopting a philosophy of constructivism, emphasizing psychological and social factors in information construction, the authors examine different types of systems across natural and social sciences

Date

25.12.2001 13:22:30

LCSH

System design

Series

The McGraw-Hill information systems, management and strategy series

Subject

System design

Theme

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Source

Bell system technical journal. 7(1928) S.535-553

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Abstract

Examines how societal changes influence the involvement of libraries as resources in the learning processes of adults. Libraries are instruments for socialisation, so that when ideologies change they influence libraries. The changes are apparent not only in acquisition policy but also in registration and retrieval. Examines the Swedish classification system as an example of a system with a humanistic signature based on idealism, and Marxist systems based on materialism in former East block countries and China. With computerised information systems, the ideal of international information dissemination without borders, available to all has materialised. The resulting knowledge organisation reflect post-modern ideas. Modern databases using descriptors exemplify the fragmentation which the new information technology creates. Each user shapes a personal view with the help of a chosen search logic and a concept combination. Asks what effect this will have on knowledge organisation, development of cultural traditions and local librarians as agents of change

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Abstract

This article attempts to lay down theoretical groundwork for information retrieval that involves the combinded efforts of several users. It is argued that the fundamental intellectual problems of IR are the production and consumption of knowledge. Knowledge production is fundamentally a collaborative labor, which is deeply embedded in the practices of a community of participants constituing a domain. The current technological advances in networked systems make the intertextual and intersubjective nature of meaning production and communication readily visible by merging various heterogeneous media into the homogenizing framework of the digital medium. Collaborative IR as envisaged in this article would be based on the ethos of voluntary cooperation to facilitate free exchange of ideas and stimulate creativity. What sorts of functionalities can be expected in a Collaborative IR system are illustrated with the help of some examples of collaborative systems and services from various domains

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 49(1998) no.12, S.1070-1080

Theme

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Abstract

This article develops a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human knowing in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organizing, self-creating) system. Another key idea comes from the semiotics of Peirce: the understanding of signs as a triatic relation between an object, a representation, and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, aelf-organizing, biological and social systems. As a concrete example we attempt to describe Library and Information Science (LIS) - especially Information Retrieval (IR) - in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The mn problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and language does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for LIS to organize and retrieve documents. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulate signs and how meaning is generated in autopoietic systems, and thereby the difference between physical and intellectual access

Theme

Information