Search (36 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

This paper discusses the impact of metadata implementation in a webpage on its visibility performance in a search engine results list. Influential internal and external factors of metadata implementation were identified. How these factors affect webpage visibility in a search engine results list was examined in an experimental study. Findings suggest that metadata is a good mechanism to improve webpage visibility, the metadata subject field plays a more important role than any other metadata field and keywords extracted from the webpage itself, particularly title or full-text, are most effective. To maximize the effects, these keywords should come from both title and full-text.

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Abstract

This paper discusses the impact of metadata implementation in a webpage on its visibility performance in a search engine results list. Influential internal and external factors of metadata implementation were identified. How these factors affect webpage visibility in a search engine results list was examined in an experimental study. Findings suggest that metadata is a good mechanism to improve webpage visibility, the metadata subject field plays a more important role than any other metadata field and keywords extracted from the webpage itself, particularly title or full-text, are most effective. To maximize the effects, these keywords should come from both title and full-text.

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new similarity method to gauge the differences between two subject hierarchical structures. Design/methodology/approach - In the proposed similarity measure, nodes on two hierarchical structures are projected onto a two-dimensional space, respectively, and both structural similarity and subject similarity of nodes are considered in the similarity between the two hierarchical structures. The extent to which the structural similarity impacts on the similarity can be controlled by adjusting a parameter. An experiment was conducted to evaluate soundness of the measure. Eight experts whose research interests were information retrieval and information organization participated in the study. Results from the new measure were compared with results from the experts. Findings - The evaluation shows strong correlations between the results from the new method and the results from the experts. It suggests that the similarity method achieved satisfactory results. Practical implications - Hierarchical structures that are found in subject directories, taxonomies, classification systems, and other classificatory structures play an extremely important role in information organization and information representation. Measuring the similarity between two subject hierarchical structures allows an accurate overarching understanding of the degree to which the two hierarchical structures are similar. Originality/value - Both structural similarity and subject similarity of nodes were considered in the proposed similarity method, and the extent to which the structural similarity impacts on the similarity can be adjusted. In addition, a new evaluation method for a hierarchical structure similarity was presented.

Date

8. 4.2015 16:22:13

Source

Journal of documentation. 70(2014) no.3, S.364-391

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Abstract

In this article we present a method for retrieving documents from a digital library through a visual interface based on automatically generated concepts. We used a vocabulary generation algorithm to generate a set of concepts for the digital library and a technique called the max-min distance technique to cluster them. Additionally, the concepts were visualized in a spring embedding graph layout to depict the semantic relationship among them. The resulting graph layout serves as an aid to users for retrieving documents. An online archive containing the contents of D-Lib Magazine from July 1995 to May 2002 was used to test the utility of an implemented retrieval and visualization system. We believe that the method developed and tested can be applied to many different domains to help users get a better understanding of online document collections and to minimize users' cognitive load during execution of search tasks. Over the past few years, the volume of information available through the World Wide Web has been expanding exponentially. Never has so much information been so readily available and shared among so many people. Unfortunately, the unstructured nature and huge volume of information accessible over networks have made it hard for users to sift through and find relevant information. To deal with this problem, information retrieval (IR) techniques have gained more intensive attention from both industrial and academic researchers. Numerous IR techniques have been developed to help deal with the information overload problem. These techniques concentrate on mathematical models and algorithms for retrieval. Popular IR models such as the Boolean model, the vector-space model, the probabilistic model and their variants are well established.
From the user's perspective, however, it is still difficult to use current information retrieval systems. Users frequently have problems expressing their information needs and translating those needs into queries. This is partly due to the fact that information needs cannot be expressed appropriately in systems terms. It is not unusual for users to input search terms that are different from the index terms information systems use. Various methods have been proposed to help users choose search terms and articulate queries. One widely used approach is to incorporate into the information system a thesaurus-like component that represents both the important concepts in a particular subject area and the semantic relationships among those concepts. Unfortunately, the development and use of thesauri is not without its own problems. The thesaurus employed in a specific information system has often been developed for a general subject area and needs significant enhancement to be tailored to the information system where it is to be used. This thesaurus development process, if done manually, is both time consuming and labor intensive. Usage of a thesaurus in searching is complex and may raise barriers for the user. For illustration purposes, let us consider two scenarios of thesaurus usage. In the first scenario the user inputs a search term and the thesaurus then displays a matching set of related terms. Without an overview of the thesaurus - and without the ability to see the matching terms in the context of other terms - it may be difficult to assess the quality of the related terms in order to select the correct term. In the second scenario the user browses the whole thesaurus, which is organized as in an alphabetically ordered list. The problem with this approach is that the list may be long, and neither does it show users the global semantic relationship among all the listed terms.
Nevertheless, because thesaurus use has shown to improve retrieval, for our method we integrate functions in the search interface that permit users to explore built-in search vocabularies to improve retrieval from digital libraries. Our method automatically generates the terms and their semantic relationships representing relevant topics covered in a digital library. We call these generated terms the "concepts", and the generated terms and their semantic relationships we call the "concept space". Additionally, we used a visualization technique to display the concept space and allow users to interact with this space. The automatically generated term set is considered to be more representative of subject area in a corpus than an "externally" imposed thesaurus, and our method has the potential of saving a significant amount of time and labor for those who have been manually creating thesauri as well. Information visualization is an emerging discipline and developed very quickly in the last decade. With growing volumes of documents and associated complexities, information visualization has become increasingly important. Researchers have found information visualization to be an effective way to use and understand information while minimizing a user's cognitive load. Our work was based on an algorithmic approach of concept discovery and association. Concepts are discovered using an algorithm based on an automated thesaurus generation procedure. Subsequently, similarities among terms are computed using the cosine measure, and the associations among terms are established using a method known as max-min distance clustering. The concept space is then visualized in a spring embedding graph, which roughly shows the semantic relationships among concepts in a 2-D visual representation. The semantic space of the visualization is used as a medium for users to retrieve the desired documents. In the remainder of this article, we present our algorithmic approach of concept generation and clustering, followed by description of the visualization technique and interactive interface. The paper ends with key conclusions and discussions on future work.

Content

The JAVA applet is available at <http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~junzhang/dlib/IV.html>. A prototype of this interface has been developed and is available at <http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~junzhang/dlib/IV.html>. The D-Lib search interface is available at <http://www.dlib.org/Architext/AT-dlib2query.html>.

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Abstract

Concerns about health issues cover a wide spectrum. Consumer health information, which has become more available on the Internet, plays an extremely important role in addressing these concerns. A subject directory as an information organization and browsing mechanism is widely used in consumer health-related Websites. In this study we employed the information visualization technique Self-Organizing Map (SOM) in combination with a new U-matrix algorithm to analyze health subject clusters through a Web transaction log. An experimental study was conducted to test the proposed methods. The findings show that the clusters identified from the same cells based on path-length-1 outperformed both the clusters from the adjacent cells based on path-length-1 and the clusters from the same cells based on path-length-2 in the visual SOM display. The U-matrix method successfully distinguished the irrelevant subjects situated in the adjacent cells with different colors in the SOM display. The findings of this study lead to a better understanding of the health-related subject relationship from the users' traversal perspective.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.10, S.1977-1994

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Abstract

The authors introduce an information visualization model, WebStar, for hyperlink-based information systems. Hyperlinks within a hyperlink-based document can be visualized in a two-dimensional visual space. All links are projected within a display sphere in the visual space. The relationship between a specified central document and its hyperlinked documents is visually presented in the visual space. In addition, users are able to define a group of subjects and to observe relevance between each subject and all hyperlinked documents via movement of that subject around the display sphere center. WebStar allows users to dynamically change an interest center during navigation. A retrieval mechanism is developed to control retrieved results in the visual space. Impact of movement of a subject on the visual document distribution is analyzed. An ambiguity problem caused by projection is discussed. Potential applications of this visualization model in information retrieval are included. Future research directions on the topic are addressed.

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Abstract

We investigated a subject directory in the US Agriculture Department-Economic Research Service portal. Parent-child relationships, related connections among the categories, and related connections among the subcategories in the subject directory were optimized using social network analysis. The optimization results were assessed by both density analysis and edge strength analysis methods. In addition, the results were evaluated by domain experts. From this study, it is recommended that four subcategories be switched from their original four categories into two different categories as a result of the parent-child relationship optimization.?It is also recommended that 132 subcategories be moved to 40 subcategories and that eight categories be moved to two categories as a result of the related connection optimization. The findings show that optimization boosted the densities of the optimized categories, and the recommended connections of both the related categories and subcategories were stronger than the existing connections of the related categories and subcategories. This paper provides visual displays of the optimization analysis as well as suggestions to enhance the subject directory of this portal.

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 67(2016) no.9, S.2166-2180

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Abstract

Academic journals play an important role in scientific communication. The effective organization of journals can help reveal the thematic contents of journals and thus make them more user-friendly. In this study, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) technique was employed to visually analyze the 60 library and information science-related journals published from 2006 to 2008. The U-matrix by Ultsch (2003) was applied to categorize the journals into 19 clusters according to their subjects. Four journals were recommended to supplement library collections although they were not indexed by SCI/SSCI. A novel SOM display named Attribute Accumulation Matrix (AA-matrix) was proposed, and the results from this method show that they correlate significantly with the total occurrences of the subjects in the investigated journals. The AA-matrix was employed to identify the 86 salient subjects, which could be manually classified into 7 meaningful groups. A method of the Salient Attribute Projection was constructed to label the attribute characteristics of different clusters. Finally, the subject characteristics of the journals with high impact factors (IFs) were also addressed. The findings of this study can lead to a better understanding of the subject structure and characteristics of library/information-related journals.

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Abstract

This study investigates the content of questions and responses about the Zika virus on Yahoo! Answers as a recent example of how public concerns regarding an international health issue are reflected in social media. We investigate the contents of posts about the Zika virus on Yahoo! Answers, identify and reveal subject patterns about the Zika virus, and analyze the temporal changes of the revealed subject topics over 4 defined periods of the Zika virus outbreak. Multidimensional scaling analysis, temporal analysis, and inferential statistical analysis approaches were used in the study. A resulting 2-layer Zika virus schema, and term connections and relationships are presented. The results indicate that consumers' concerns changed over the 4 defined periods. Consumers paid more attention to the basic information about the Zika virus, and the prevention and protection from the Zika virus at the beginning of the outbreak of the Zika virus. During the later periods, consumers became more interested in the role that the government and health organizations played in the public health emergency.

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 71(2020) no.3, S.282-299

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Abstract

A multidimensional-scaling approach is used to analyze frequently used medical-topic terms in queries submitted to a Web-based consumer health information system. Based on a year-long transaction log file, five medical focus keywords (stomach, hip, stroke, depression, and cholesterol) and their co-occurring query terms are analyzed. An overlap-coefficient similarity measure and a conversion measure are used to calculate the proximity of terms to one another based on their co-occurrences in queries. The impact of the dimensionality of the visual configuration, the cutoff point of term co-occurrence for inclusion in the analysis, and the Minkowski metric power k on the stress value are discussed. A visual clustering of groups of terms based on the proximity within each focus-keyword group is also conducted. Term distributions within each visual configuration are characterized and are compared with formal medical vocabulary. This investigation reveals that there are significant differences between consumer health query-term usage and more formal medical terminology used by medical professionals when describing the same medical subject. Future directions are discussed.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.12, S.1933-1947

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Abstract

The authors investigated 11 sports-related query keywords extracted from a public search engine query log to better understand sports-related information seeking on the Internet. After the query log contents were cleaned and query data were parsed, popular sports-related keywords were identified, along with frequently co-occurring query terms associated with the identified keywords. Relationships among each sports-related focus keyword and its related keywords were characterized and grouped using multidimensional scaling (MDS) in combination with traditional hierarchical clustering methods. The two approaches were synthesized in a visual context by highlighting the results of the hierarchical clustering analysis in the visual MDS configuration. Important events, people, subjects, merchandise, and so on related to a sport were illustrated, and relationships among the sports were analyzed. A small-scale comparative study of sports searches with and without term assistance was conducted. Searches that used search term assistance by relying on previous query term relationships outperformed the searches without the search term assistance. The findings of this study provide insights into sports information seeking behavior on the Internet. The developed method also may be applied to other query log subject areas.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.8, S.1550-1571

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Abstract

Analyses graphic and tabular displays under a common, unified form - relational information displays (RIDs) which are displays that represent relations between dimensions. A representational taxonomy is developed that classifies all RIDs and serves as a framework for systematic studies of RIDs. Develops a taxonomy of RIDs which can classifiy the majority of dimension based display tasks and analyzes the relation between representations of displays and structures of tasks in terms of a mapping principle

Source

International journal of human-computer studies. 45(1996) no.1, S.59-74

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Abstract

Bibliometric analysis based on literature in the Web of Science (WOS) has become an increasingly popular method for visualizing the structure of scientific fields. Keywords Plus and Author Keywords are commonly selected as units of analysis, despite the limited research evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of Keywords Plus. This study was conceived to evaluate the efficacy of Keywords Plus as a parameter for capturing the content and scientific concepts presented in articles. Using scientific papers about patient adherence that were retrieved from WOS, a comparative assessment of Keywords Plus and Author Keywords was performed at the scientific field level and the document level, respectively. Our search yielded more Keywords Plus terms than Author Keywords, and the Keywords Plus terms were more broadly descriptive. Keywords Plus is as effective as Author Keywords in terms of bibliometric analysis investigating the knowledge structure of scientific fields, but it is less comprehensive in representing an article's content.

Object

Web of Science

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 67(2016) no.4, S.967-972

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Abstract

The findings of a recent study on digital archival representation raise some ethical concerns about how digital archival materials are organized, described, and made available for use on the Web. Archivists have a fundamental obligation to preserve and protect the authenticity and integrity of records in their holdings and, at the same time, have the responsibility to promote the use of records as a fundamental purpose of the keeping of archives (SAA 2005 Code of Ethics for Archivists V & VI). Is it an ethical practice that digital content in digital archives is deeply embedded in its contextual structure and generally underrepresented in digital archival systems? Similarly, is it ethical for archivists to detach digital items from their archival context in order to make them more "digital friendly" and more accessible to meet needs of some users? Do archivists have an obligation to bring the two representation systems together so that the context and content of digital archives can be better represented and archival materials "can be located and used by anyone, for any purpose, while still remaining authentic evidence of the work and life of the creator"? (Millar 2010, 157) This paper discusses the findings of the study and their ethical implications relating to digital archival description and representation.

Content

Beitrag aus einem Themenheft zu den Proceedings of the 2nd Milwaukee Conference on Ethics in Information Organization, June 15-16, 2012, School of Information Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Hope A. Olson, Conference Chair. Vgl.: http://www.ergon-verlag.de/isko_ko/downloads/ko_39_2012_5_d.pdf.

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Abstract

This entry describes two important classes of systems that facilitate the sharing of recommendations and expertise. Recommender systems suggest items of potential interest to individuals who do not have personal experience with the items. Expert locator systems, an important subset of recommender systems, help find people with the appropriate skills, knowledge, or expertise to meet a particular need. Research related to each of these systems is relatively new and extremely active. The use of these systems is likely to continue increasing as more and more activity is implicitly captured online, making it possible to automatically identify experts, and capture preferences that can be used to recommend items.

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information sciences. 3rd ed. Ed.: M.J. Bates

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Abstract

This article presents a distance and angle similarity measure. The integrated similarity measure takes the strenghts of both the distance and direction of measured documents into account. This article analyzes the features of the similarity measure by comparing it with the traditional distance-based similarity measure and the cosine measure, providing the iso-similarity contour, investigating the impacts of the parameters and variables on the new similarity measure. It also gives the further research issues on the topic

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.9, S.772-778

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Abstract

Metadata is designed to improve information organization and information retrieval effectiveness and efficiency on the Internet. The way web publishers respond to metadata and the way they use it when publishing their web pages, however, is still a mystery. The authors of this paper aim to solve this mystery by defining different professional publisher groups, examining the behaviors of these user groups, and identifying the characteristics of their metadata use. This study will enhance the current understanding of metadata application behavior and provide evidence useful to researchers, web publishers, and search engine designers.

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Abstract

Index modeling and computer simulation techniques are used to examine the influence of indexing frequency distributions, indexing exhaustivity distributions, and three weighting methods on hypothetical document spaces in a vector-based information retrieval (IR) system. The way documents are indexed plays an important role in retrieval. The authors demonstrate the influence of different indexing characteristics on document space density (DSD) changes and document space discriminative capacity for IR. Document environments that contain a relatively higher percentage of infrequently occurring terms provide lower density outcomes than do environments where a higher percentage of frequently occurring terms exists. Different indexing exhaustivity levels, however, have little influence on the document space densities. A weighting algorithm that favors higher weights for infrequently occurring terms results in the lowest overall document space densities, which allows documents to be more readily differentiated from one another. This in turn can positively influence IR. The authors also discuss the influence on outcomes using two methods of normalization of term weights (i.e., means and ranges) for the different weighting methods.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.1, S.3-11

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Abstract

Session characteristics taken from large transaction logs of three Web search environments (academic Web site, public search engine, consumer health information portal) were modeled using cluster analysis to determine if coherent session groups emerged for each environment and whether the types of session groups are similar across the three environments. The analysis revealed three distinct clusters of session behaviors common to each environment: hit and run sessions on focused topics, relatively brief sessions on popular topics, and sustained sessions using obscure terms with greater query modification. The findings also revealed shifts in session characteristics over time for one of the datasets, away from hit and run sessions toward more popular search topics. A better understanding of session characteristics can help system designers to develop more responsive systems to support search features that cater to identifiable groups of searchers based on their search behaviors. For example, the system may identify struggling searchers based on session behaviors that match those identified in the current study to provide context sensitive help.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.5, S.896-910

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Abstract

Content characteristics of a webpage include factors such as keyword position in a webpage, keyword duplication, layout, and their combination. These factors may impact webpage visibility in a search engine. Four hypotheses are presented relating to the impact of selected content characteristics on webpage visibility in search engine results lists. Webpage visibility can be improved by increasing the frequency of keywords in the title, in the full-text and in both the title and full-text.