-
Fugmann, R.: Book indexing : the classificatory approach (1994)
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- Abstract
- The contents of scientific and technical handbooks often needs fast, reliable and precise subject access, even if the searcher is not familiar with the terminology of the book and has not read it beforehand. This requires careful and expert subject indexing in a highly specific indexing vocabulary, as well as the presentation of the resulting index in a lucid, conceptually transparent manner in print and on disk. Index users, when looking up a general subject heading, often ignore the necessity of looking up the appertaining hierarchically subordinate, more specific subject headings, too. They are either not made aware of these subject headings or their use is felt to be too cumbersome. A classifies approach to computerized subject indexing is described which resembles Ranganathan's Classified Catalogue. Through a variety of peculiarities it leads the searcher rapidly and easily to all subject headings related to a primarily chosen one, and to the postings under all these headings
-
Bell, H.K.: Indexing biographies, and other stories of human lives (1992)
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- COMPASS
- Subject indexing
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.1, S.46-47 (R. Fugmann)
- Imprint
- London : Society of Indexers
- Subject
- Subject indexing
-
Wool, G.: Filing and precoordination : how subject headings are displayed in online catalogs and why it matters (2000)
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- Abstract
- Library of Congress Subjecl Headings retrieved as the results of a search in an online catalog are likely to be filed in straight alphabetical, word-by-word order, ignoring the semantic structures of these headings and scattering headings of a similar type. This practice makes LC headings unnecessarily difficult to use and negates much of their indexing power. Enthusiasm for filing simplicity and postcoordinate indexing are likely contributing factors to this phenomenon. Since the report Headings for Tomorrow (1992) first raised this issue, filing practices favoring postcoordination over precoordination appear to have become more widespread and more entrenched
- Source
- The LCSH century: one hundred years with the Library of Congress Subject Headings system. Ed.: A.T. Stone
-
Moys, E.M.: Classified v. specific indexing : a re-examination in principle (1997)
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- Abstract
- Contrasts the practice of 'classified' indexing (i.e. the arrangement of headings into a limited number of hierarchies) with 'specific' indexing (i.e. direct entry under the term chosen for the heading). Defines and gives examples of both practices and considers their application to law book indexing. There is a long tradition of compiling and publishing classified indexes in law books. Argues, however, that specific indexes are a far more effective finding aid and that readers wishing to make a 'classified' type of approach to a law book can usually do so by consulting the contents list or lists
-
Gratch, B.; Settel, B.; Atherton, P.: Characteristics of book indexes for subject retrieval in the humanities and social sciences (1978)
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- Source
- Indexer. 11(1978), S.14-22
-
Booth, P.F.: Lifelong indexing : freelancing and CPD (1998)
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- Abstract
- The active working life of a freelance indexer can be very long and there is a danger of becoming out of date, particularly if work is always done alone and never in collaboration with others. Emphasizes the importance of continuing professional development (CPD) for freelance indexers and discusses how this can be achieved. Discusses four elements requiring attention: indexing practice, general knowledge, subject knowledge, and equipment. Focuses on new developments in indexing practice concerning the formation of headings and the presentation of entries and describes changes in practice which have taken place during the last 20 years, including: initial capitals for headings; cross-references; filing order; abbreviated forms; Latin abbreviations attached to locators; pages ranges; subheadings; and the terminology of indexing. Suggests ways in which the freelance indexer can avail themselves of opportunities for professional development
-
Garfield, E.: ¬The Permuterm Subject Index : an autobiographic review (1976)
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- Object
- Permuterm Subject Index
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 27(1976), S.88-291
-
Luhn, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature (1985)
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- Abstract
- In the optimistic 1960s the potential of the computer seemed limitless. The realization of this potential in the area of information retrieval and dissemination owes much to the creative mind of Hans Peter Luhn. A pioneer of information science, he had a mind and an imagination that could transcend the state of the art. Luhn was born in Germany, where he studied technology, physics, and accounting. He came to the United States in 1924 and in 1941, at the age of 45, he joined IBM. In the course of his twenty-year tenure at IBM, he was issued over eighty patents; at one time he held more than any other IBM employee. Luhn is credited with originating KWIC indexes, computer selective dissemination systems (SDI), computer coding schemes, and statistical techniques for automatic indexing and abstracting. Also attributed to him is the first modern use of the word "thesaurus." The selection that follows modestly presents the idea of a Keyword in Context (KWIC) index. This is the idea of automatically identifying significant or "key" words and highlighting them in context. The context in question was normally a title. Though title term or catchword indexing had been practiced for over one hundred years, the implementation of the idea in mechanized systems in the 1960s was not trivial. It required programming the computer to recognize word boundaries and then developing a means for automatically differentiating significant from nonsignificant words. Spaces were used to demarcate word boundaries and a stop list, consisting of articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, some adjectives, and some very common words, was used to differentiate significant from nonsignificant words. A difficulty with any automatic indexing limited to extracting single words from texts is the semantic indeterminancy of the extracted character strings. To disambiguate these, Luhn adopted the concordance idea, proposing to display them in the context of their titles. Specifying the meaning of an index term by couching it in "context," anticipated the later development of string index languages such as PRECIS (PREserved Context Index System). Although the selection that follows is quite short, it presents, in addition to the idea of KWIC, what at the time were two innovative ideas. One is the distinction between the dissemination and the retrieval of information, in regard to which Luhn makes a point sometimes overlooked by modern critics of KWIC. This is that different purposes require different kinds of indexes; an index that is used to disseminate information for current awareness need not be as "perfect" as one used for retrospective information retrieval. The need to alert researchers to current information quickly, and the somewhat transitory character of this information, make KWIC, albeit quick and dirty, a costeffective alternative for dissemination indexes. The second harbinger idea is a method of uniquely identifying documents for retrieval using an identification code comprising the initial characters from a document's author, title, and - interestingly - year of publication. Luhn's mind was fertile indeed and he is aptly called a pioneer of information science.
- Source
- Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al
-
Bakewell, K.G.B.; Rowland, G.: Indexing and abstracting (1993)
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- Abstract
- State of the art review of UK developments in indexing and abstracting druing the period 1986-1990 covering: bibliographies of indexing and abstracting; British standards (including the revised British Standard on indexing, BS 3700); Wheatley Medal and Carey Award; a list of indexes published during this period; the role of the computer and automatic indexing; hypermedia; PRECIS; POPSI, relational indexing; thesauri; education and training; the indexing process, newspaper indexing; fiction indexes; the indexing profession; and a review of abstracting and indexing services
-
Keen, E.M.: On the generation and searching of entries in printed subject indexes (1977)
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- Source
- Journal of documentation. 33(1977) no.1, S.15-45
-
Bell, H.K.: Indexing biographies, and other stories of human lives (1998)
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- COMPASS
- Subject indexing
- Imprint
- London : Society of Indexers
- Subject
- Subject indexing
-
Hedden, H.: ¬The accidental taxonomist (2012)
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- Abstract
- "Clearly details the conceptual and practical notions of controlled vocabularies. . provides a crash course for newcomers and offers experienced practitioners a common frame of reference. A valuable book." - Christine Connors, TriviumRLG LLC The Accidental Taxonomist is the most comprehensive guide available to the art and science of building information taxonomies. Heather Hedden-one of today's leading writers, instructors, and consultants on indexing and taxonomy topics-walks readers through the process, displaying her trademark ability to present highly technical information in straightforward, comprehensible English. Drawing on numerous real-world examples, Hedden explains how to create terms and relationships, select taxonomy management software, design taxonomies for human versus automated indexing, manage enterprise taxonomy projects, and adapt taxonomies to various user interfaces. The result is a practical and essential guide for information professionals who need to effectively create or manage taxonomies, controlled vocabularies, and thesauri. "A wealth of descriptive reference content is balanced with expert guidance. . Open The Accidental Taxonomist to begin the learning process or to refresh your understanding of the depth and breadth of this demanding discipline." - Lynda Moulton, Principal Consultant, LWM Technology Services "From the novice taxonomist to the experienced professional, all will find helpful, practical advice in The Accidental Taxonomist." - Trish Yancey, TCOO, Synaptica, LLC "This book squarely addresses the growing demand for and interest in taxonomy. ...Hedden brings a variety of background experience, including not only taxonomy construction but also abstracting and content categorization and creating back-of-the-book indexes. These experiences serve her well by building a broad perspective on the similarities as well as real differences between often overlapping types of work." - Marjorie M. K. Hlava, President and Chairman, Access Innovations, Inc., and Chair, SLA Taxonomy Division
- LCSH
- Subject headings
- Subject
- Subject headings
-
Wheatley, A.: ¬A manual on printed subject indexes : report to the British Library Research and Development Department on Project SI/G/243 (1978)
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- Imprint
- Aberystwyth : College of Librarianship Wales
- LCSH
- Subject cataloging
- Subject
- Subject cataloging
-
Bernier, C.L.: Subject indexes (1980)
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- Source
- Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.29
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Armitage, J.E.; Lynch, M.F.: Some structural characteristics of articulated subject indexes (1968)
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-
Wright, J.C.: How to index online (1997)
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- Abstract
- Many back-of-the-book indexers are now taking on projects published on CD-ROM, accessed through a Web site or through internal intranet. Outlines the scope of online indexing and discusses factors affecting the methods used to index online, the index display, and how work will proceed. Considers: the boundaries within which the index will be placed; authoring tools; how the index is displayed; how the indexing gets into the files; the kinds of files included in the project; time schedules; equipment needs; and fees for online projects. Includes a brief list of further readings about indexing online documents
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Anker, J.: Some principles of a systematically arranged subject catalogue with an index (1956)
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-
Stauber, D.M.: Facing the text : content and structure in book indexing (2004)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: KO 32(2005) no.3, S.135-136 (N. Bridge): "Authors of books have usually lived with their material for years before they embark on the arduous business of writing the book, followed by the revisiting during the editing and publishing processes. The indexers of their books usually have between two and four weeks to absorb the subject of the book. Even with a prior knowledge of the discipline, they are faced with the author's particular "take" on the subject and writing style, including any one of a number of ways of presenting the material. This is multiplied in complexity when the book is a multiauthored work, a collection of essays and papers, comprising several authors' differing views and individual styles. Ideally, the indexer is an expert in the subject matter of the book, perfectly matched to the book; in practice, this almost never happens. Indexers aim at producing an index that is truly reflective of the individual book and its author, a goal that often seems overwhelming when the pile of page proofs arrives with the courier, or electronically through a PDF file, hundreds of pages of closely argued text. As well as the time limit, there can be other restrictions, most commonly having to make the index fit into the number of pages decreed by the publisher, with difficult, even agonizing decisions lying ahead. Consequently, indexers can fall into a number of different traps: getting lost in a welter of detailed overindexing; or, mindful of time and space limits, indexing too broadly and simplistically, bouncing from text heading to heading, topic sentence to topic sentence. Most indexers of academic books I know, including myself, tend to fall into the first category at least with their first few indexes. Especially when the content is personally fascinating, it's easy to lose a rational, analytical approach to the content of a book, and wrest this back only with difficulty during the editing stage with the deadline looming. Do Mi Stauber's title, Facing the Text, is, thus, provocative, because that's what all indexers inevitably have to do. She knows the process: for example, at the start, the "gap between you and those pages that for a moment seems very wide" (p. 1). This sympathetic, personal tone pervades the book: the emphasis is on the personal experiences, feelings, and perceptions of indexers when confronted by the various situations thrown up by indexing; it's "I" and "you" throughout. The chapter subheadings often echo this: my tendency to lose sight of main topics is explained and diagnosed in "Lost Among the Trees" (p. 63-64). The section "Being Stuck" (p. 324-26), describes a number of reasons for this common malady, along with remedies for each, including the "Hammock Method" (p. 46). Stauber has been presenting workshops with the title "Facing the Text" since 1997, and her book reflects a friendly, listening engagement with her audience.
She divides the topics within the text to be indexed into the categories of metatopics, local main topics, and ancillary topics, followed by subheadings. The indexability of individual topics at whatever level, and their wording, absorb other chapters. Linkages among the topics - cross-references and doubleposting - arc tracked in the chapter "Connections and Access." Finally, the mechanics of indexing are contained in "Process" and "Inside an Indexer's Brain" describes her own procedure and feelings as she indexes a book from beginning to end. When I initially faced the text of this book, I felt overwhelmed, even bewildered, by the plethora of terminology, much of it Stauber's own. Further, each chapter is divided into a complex array of headings, subheadings, sub-subheadings, and more. But when I read from beginning to end, all those pieces fell into place. Stauber develops her text logically, explaining each step of the way clearly, distinguishing each detail from others, and frequently linking passages to relevant others. At every stage in the book, she illustrates with copious examples from indexes she or others have compiled. In the case of her own indexes, she describes her thought processes, her initial reactions to what she read, her decisions regarding the use of particular topics and at what level, and of her chosen terminology; and also, and often, how and why she later changed her mind as she got further into the text. This forms a candid and detailed analysis of indexing, step by step, stage by stage, complex and subtle but with a perceptibly firm connecting structure. In short, she's a good writer.
Facing the Text falls into what I call the third wave of books about back-of-the-book indexing. Each of these waves overlaps, but generally the first consists of the general manuals on indexing books (and other media): Booth, Knight, Mulvany, and Wellisch, along with chapter 18 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. These set out the fundamental principles, conventions, or rules of indexing in a mostly impersonal, dispassionate tone. The second wave carried manuals on indexing in specific disciplines and genres: biography, medicine, law, psychology, history, genealogy, etc. The third wave, exemplified by Stauber's Facing the Text and Smith and Kells' Inside Indexing, delves into what goes through the mind of the indexer "facing the text" and putting together an index based on it. The tone is personal and subjective, the authors taking the reader through their own perceptions of the stages of indexing a book, the inevitable problems and subsequent decision making, expressed through their own reactions and reasoning. Facing the Text is not a manual where the newcomer to indexing can find immediate answers to specific problems: the first and second waves of books on indexing are designed to provide those. It's a book for the professional indexer or academic author indexing more than one book; its effect is to hone skills and refine working habits, to increase efficiency and effectiveness, to create indexes that make faithful, logical sense of the text. Newcomers, including first-time academic-author indexers, should begin with the last chapter "Inside an Indexer's Brain," then the second-to-last chapter, "Process"; in fact, I would suggest that any reader begin with "Inside an Indexer's Brain," for its introduction to the terminology and the overall look at indexing, from the first to the last page of the text to be indexed. As one would expect, the index to Facing the Text is comprehensive; in fact, exhaustive, and admirably detailed. The personable, conversational tone continues here, with entries such as "Subheadings/creating as you go" and "Notes to yourself." Of course, "Being stuck" is there as is, and also helpfully doubleposted as "Stuckness strategies." Finally, and on a relatively small note, this is a nicely designed book. Not only is it laid out for looks, it's laid out for use. The type is a friendly size, and the complex structure of headings, subheadings, and sub-subheadings is rendered immediately intelligible by the well-chosen fonts. My only criticism concerns the tightness of the binding; manuals should lie flat, without having to be anchored on each side with paperweights."
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Rowland, M.J.: <Meta> tags (2000)
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- Abstract
- <META> tags are used to create meta-information, or information about the information in a Web site. There are many types of <META> tags, but those most relevant to indexing are the description and keyword tags. Description tags provide a short summary of the site contents that are often displayed by search engines when they list search results. Keyword tags are used to define words or phrases that someone using a search engine might use to look for relevant sites. <META> tags are of interest to indexers for two reasons. They provide a means of making your indexing business Web site more visible to those searching the Web for indexing services, and they offer indexers a potential new source of work: writing keyword and description tags for Web site developers and companies with Web sites. <META> tag writing makes good use of an indexer's ability to choose relevant key terms, and the closely related skill of abstracting: conveying the essence of a document in a sentence or two.
- Imprint
- Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today
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Connolly, D.A.: ¬The many uses of Email discussion lists (2000)
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- Abstract
- If you want to let other indexers know about a great new medical dictionary, discuss the pros and cons of using prepositions in subentries, find an indexer in Phoenix, or maybe share some marketing tips, then consider joining an email discussion list. Email discussion lists provide numerous tools and opportunities for indexers, especially for freelancers. Despite the rapid growth of Web- and graphical-based communication, email remains the linchpin of electronic communication. While the World Wide Web has become ubiquitous in our society, email remains the most reliable form of electronic communication. Email access is more prevalent than Web access, less cumbersome, and some would say, more egalitarian. Despite improvements over time, Web access is not available in equal quality or proportion to email access, especially in poorer or developing areas. Indeed, many users who have access to both restrict their use of the Web for important research efforts, and maintain nearconstant connection with their email servers for daily business
- Imprint
- Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today
