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Source

Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]

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Abstract

With new interactive technology, we can increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems that inform the user while the user is on-line interacting with the system. The purpose of this article is to model the information processing operations of a generic user who has just received an information message from the system and is stimulated by the message into grasping at a higher understanding of his or her information task or problem. The model consists of 3 levels, each of which forms a separate subsystem. In the Perseption subsystem, the user perceives the system message in a visual sense; in the Comprehension subsystem, the user must comprehend the system message; and in the Application subsystem, the user must (a) interpret the system message in terms of the user's task at hand, and (b) create and send a new message back to the system to complete the interaction. Because of the information process stimulated by the interaction, the user's new message forms a query to the system that more accurately represents the user's information need than would have been the case if the interaction had not taken place. This article proposes a device to enable clarification of the user's task, and thus his/her information need at the Application subsystem level of the model

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.5, S.417-426

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Abstract

With new interactive technology, information science can use its traditional information focus to increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems (IRSs) that inform the user about her task, and help the user get the task done, while the user is on-line interacting with the system. By doing so, the system enables the user to perform the task for which the information is being sought. In previous articles, we modeled the information flow and coding operations of a user who has just received an informative IRS message, dividing the user's processing of the IRS message into three subsystem levels. In this article, we use Kintsch's proposition-based construction-integration theory of discourse comprehension to further detail the user coding operations that occur in each of the three subsystems. Our enabling devices are designed to facilitate a specific coding operation in a specific subsystem. In this article, we describe an IRS device made up of two separate parts that enable the user's (1) decoding and (2) encoding of an IRS message in the Comprehension subsystem

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.11, S.1033-1046

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Abstract

The project Information Pricing was carried out during the summer semester 2004 by four students and two lecturers. Aim of the project was to develop a new product- and pricing concept for the research centre of the Public Library Cologne. The intention was to increase its competitiveness, especially in the business customer segment. The initiating factor for the project was the significant decrease in requests from 1997 to 2001. This paper describes the development of different attributes of information, analysing various pricing concepts of private and public information providers as well as the development of a pricing concept which is aligned to the requirements and performance of the research centre. The final result was an improved pricing system for an enhanced range of products. The first step was getting more familiar with the characteristics of information and the methods that can be used to measure the value of information. One of the key issues to consider is the value of information for a customer and the question how this value can be charged. In order to be capable of evaluating all issues of information pricing and to develop a solid pricing system, it was essential to analyse and assess pricing modules based on their intension of use. For example, the differentiation of the pricing concept with regard to certain user segments like business or private users as well as members and non-members. Another option is to define prices dependant on the requested response times for research tasks and thereby reflect the urgency of those tasks directly in the pricing concept. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative differentiation of information has to be taken into account. All described approaches - and also combinations of these - should be considered when developing a new pricing system. It is also important to recognize the special role of the research centre as a part of the public library. Libraries fulfil a public contract for their users. In this case it has to be ensured that people of all social backgrounds have the chance to gain access to all kind of information. While presenting results to the Public library Cologne some problems arose, mainly the gap between theoretical and practical feasibility. The final result was a practical pricing system, which is easy to implement for the research centre and which is described in the paper.

Date

22. 7.2009 9:24:59

Source

Librarianship in the information age: Proceedings of the 13th BOBCATSSS Symposium, 31 January - 2 February 2005 in Budapest, Hungary. Eds.: Marte Langeland u.a

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Abstract

The Turn analyzes the research of information seeking and retrieval (IS&R) and proposes a new direction of integrating research in these two areas: the fields should turn off their separate and narrow paths and construct a new avenue of research. An essential direction for this avenue is context as given in the subtitle Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Other essential themes in the book include: IS&R research models, frameworks and theories; search and works tasks and situations in context; interaction between humans and machines; information acquisition, relevance and information use; research design and methodology based on a structured set of explicit variables - all set into the holistic cognitive approach. The present monograph invites the reader into a construction project - there is much research to do for a contextual understanding of IS&R. The Turn represents a wide-ranging perspective of IS&R by providing a novel unique research framework, covering both individual and social aspects of information behavior, including the generation, searching, retrieval and use of information. Regarding traditional laboratory information retrieval research, the monograph proposes the extension of research toward actors, search and work tasks, IR interaction and utility of information. Regarding traditional information seeking research, it proposes the extension toward information access technology and work task contexts. The Turn is the first synthesis of research in the broad area of IS&R ranging from systems oriented laboratory IR research to social science oriented information seeking studies. TOC:Introduction.- The Cognitive Framework for Information.- The Development of Information Seeking Research.- Systems-Oriented Information Retrieval.- Cognitive and User-Oriented Information Retrieval.- The Integrated IS&R Research Framework.- Implications of the Cognitive Framework for IS&R.- Towards a Research Program.- Conclusion.- Definitions.- References.- Index.

Footnote

Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) H.2, S.81-83 (O. Oberhauser): "Mit diesem Band haben zwei herausragende Vertreter der europäischen Informationswissenschaft, die Professoren Peter Ingwersen (Kopenhagen) und Kalervo Järvelin (Tampere) ein Werk vorgelegt, das man vielleicht dereinst als ihr opus magnum bezeichnen wird. Mich würde dies nicht überraschen, denn die Autoren unternehmen hier den ambitionierten Versuch, zwei informations wissenschaftliche Forschungstraditionen, die einander bisher in eher geringem Ausmass begegneten, unter einem gesamtheitlichen kognitiven Ansatz zu vereinen - das primär im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich verankerte Forschungsgebiet "Information Seeking and Retrieval" (IS&R) und das vorwiegend im Informatikbereich angesiedelte "Information Retrieval" (IR). Dabei geht es ihnen auch darum, den seit etlichen Jahren zwar dominierenden, aber auch als zu individualistisch kritisierten kognitiven Ansatz so zu erweitern, dass technologische, verhaltensbezogene und kooperative Aspekte in kohärenter Weise berücksichtigt werden. Dies geschieht auf folgende Weise in neun Kapiteln: - Zunächst werden die beiden "Lager" - die an Systemen und Laborexperimenten orientierte IR-Tradition und die an Benutzerfragen orientierte IS&R-Fraktion - einander gegenübergestellt und einige zentrale Begriffe geklärt. - Im zweiten Kapitel erfolgt eine ausführliche Darstellung der kognitiven Richtung der Informationswissenschaft, insbesondere hinsichtlich des Informationsbegriffes. - Daran schliesst sich ein Überblick über die bisherige Forschung zu "Information Seeking" (IS) - eine äusserst brauchbare Einführung in die Forschungsfragen und Modelle, die Forschungsmethodik sowie die in diesem Bereich offenen Fragen, z.B. die aufgrund der einseitigen Ausrichtung des Blickwinkels auf den Benutzer mangelnde Betrachtung der Benutzer-System-Interaktion. - In analoger Weise wird im vierten Kapitel die systemorientierte IRForschung in einem konzentrierten Überblick vorgestellt, in dem es sowohl um das "Labormodell" als auch Ansätze wie die Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache und Expertensysteme geht. Aspekte wie Relevanz, Anfragemodifikation und Performanzmessung werden ebenso angesprochen wie die Methodik - von den ersten Laborexperimenten bis zu TREC und darüber hinaus.

Series

The Kluwer international series on information retrieval ; 18

Theme

Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
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Abstract

Mit dem Leitthema »lnformationskompetenz - Basiskompetenz in der Informationsgesellschaft« trägt das 7. Internationale Symposium für Informationswissenschaft der aktuellen Situation auf den elektronischen Informationsmärkten Rechnung. Informationskompetenz ist Voraussetzung dafür, wirklichen Nutzen aus den globalen Informationsangeboten zu ziehen. Immer mehr Informationsspezialisten werden gebraucht und gleichzeitig muss Informationskompetenz auch tatsächlich Basiskompetenz in unserer heutigen Informationsgesellschaft werden. Die Herausforderung ist interdisziplinär. Jenseits einer bloß technischen Ausrichtung ist z.B. sozioökonomisches, kognitiv-psychologisches, linguistisches, designerisch-ästhetisches Wissen verlangt, um Information erfolgreich erarbeiten zu können. Die 18 Artikel entsprechen der Bandbreite des Diskussionsstandes der Informationswissenschaft: Das Internet und das WWW sind Ausgangs- und Bezugspunkt vieler Arbeiten zu Informations- und Wissensmanagement, Informationswirtschaft, Verlags- und Bibliothekswesen, Wissensrepräsentation, Information Retrieval, Data/Text Mining sowie Hypertext/Multimedia

Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Thomas Mandl, Christa Womser-Hacker: Ein adaptives Information-Retrieval-Modell für Digitale Bibliotheken - Ilse Harms, Werner Schweibenz: Usability Engineering Methods for the Web Results From a Usability Study - Christian Wolff: Effektivität von Recherchen im WWW Vergleichende Evaluierung von Such- und Metasuchmaschinen - Rainer Hammwöhner: TransRouter revisited - Decision support in the routing of translation projects - Gerhard Rahmstorf: Wortmodell und Begriffssprache als Basis des semantischen Retrievals - Christian Schögl: Informationskompetenz am Beispiel einer szientometrischen Untersuchung zum Informationsmanagement - Otto Krickl, Elisabeth Milchrahm: Integrativer Ansatz zur Wissensbewertung - Gabriela Mußler, Harald Reiterer, Thomas M. Mann: INSYDER - Information Retrieval Aspects of a Business Intelligence System - C. Goller, J. Löning, T. Will, W. Wolff: Automatic Document Classification A thorough Evaluation of various Methods - Gerhard Heyer, Uwe Quasthoff, Christian Wolff: Aiding Web Searches by Statistical Classification Tools - Matthias N.0. Müller: Die virtuelle Fachbibliothek Sozialwissenschaften - Benno Homann: Das Dynamische Modell der Informationskompetenz (DYMIK) als Grundlage für bibliothekarische Schulungen - Gerhard Reichmann: Leistungsvergleiche zwischen wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken - Willi Bredemeier, Woffigang G. Stock: Informationskompetenz europäischer Volkswirtschaften - Hermann Rösch: Internetportal, Unternehmensportal, Wissenschaftsportal Typologie und Funktionalität der wichtigsten Portalkonzeptionen - Harc Rittberger, Woffigang Semar: Regionale Elektronische Zeitungen: Qualitätskriterien und Evaluierung - Stephan Werner: Der Autor im digitalen Medium - ein notwendiges Konstrukt? - Dr. Jaroslav Susol: Access to information in electronic age - situation in Slovakia

Theme

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Abstract

Die meist Francis Bacon zugeschriebene Erkenntnis veritas filia temporis - die Wahrheit ist eine Tochter der Zeit - gilt auch, sogar in noch viel höherem Maße, für Information. So trivial diese Erkenntnis auch sein mag, so wenig wird sie von Informationswissenschaft und -praxis derzeit beachtet. Das beginnt schon bei den Grundlagen unseres Faches: Der Prozess der Informationsvermittlung geht in der Regel von folgendem Modell aus: Ein Individuum (der Informationssuchende) benötigt zur Lösung einer Aufgabenstellung Information, über die dieser Informationssuchende in seinem 'erweiterten Gedächtnis' nicht verfügt (also im eigenen Gedächtnis und den zu seiner Unterstützung persönlich verfügbaren Wissenssammlungen, wie z.B. Verzeichnissen, Büchern, Ablagesystemen). Daher wendet sich der Informationssuchende an das 'kollektive Gedächtnis der Menschheit', also an Bibliotheken, Datenbanken oder das Internet, um dort jene Information zu erhalten, die zur Problemlösung benötigt wird. In diesem 'kollektiven Gedächtnis der Menschheit' gibt es Dokumente, die zur Lösung einer konkreten Problemstellung beitragen können (die sogenannten relevanten Dokumentationseinheiten), nennen wir diese Menge A. Eine konkrete Anfrage durch den Informationssuchenden liefert als Ergebnis relevante und nicht relevante Dokumente: die Menge B. Die Schnittmenge von A und B, also die gefundenen relevanten Dokumente, sind schließlich das Ergebnis des Informationsvermittlungsprozesses. An der Brauchbarkeit dieser Schnittmenge zur Problemlösung werden Erfolg oder Misserfolg einer Informationssuche gemessen (z.B. mit den Maßzahlen Recall und Precision). Das Modell geht also von einer (Teil-)Menge von gespeichertem Weltwissen aus, dem 'kollektiven Gedächtnis der Menschheit', das natürlich durchaus widersprüchlich und unvollständig sein kann und ständiger Erweiterung und Veränderung unterliegt. Während des Information-Retrieval-Vorganges ist dieses Weltwissen in Struktur und Inhalt allerdings unveränderlich und wird durch die Fragestellung des Informationssuchenden auch nicht beeinflusst. Diesem gespeicherten Weltwissen wird die konkrete ebenfalls während des Suchvorganges unveränderliche Fragestellung des Informationssuchenden gegenübergestellt. Wissenschaft, Kunst und Handwerk des Information Retrieval bestehen nun darin, in den richtigen Datensammlungen mit den besten Instrumenten und den sinnvollsten Fragestellungen zu suchen. Dieses Modell mag bei zahlreichen Retrieval-Aufgaben durchaus zutreffend sein: Bibliothekarische Anfragen, Flugplan-Informationen, Routine-Abfragen nach Lagerbeständen, Auskünfte aus einem Melderegister und ähnliche Fragestellungen werden von diesem Modell hinreichend beschrieben. Für die meisten wissenschaftlichen Aufgaben, für die Reduktion von Ungewissheit (Wersig 1971, 73ff.), für 'Wissen in Aktion' (Kuhlen 1990, 14) ist dieses Modell hingegen zu starr. Es berücksichtigt nicht, dass jedes gefundene Dokument, sobald es vom Informationssuchenden verarbeitet wird, eine Veränderung in dessen Problemsicht bewirken kann: Wenn die aufgefundene Dokumentationseinheit nicht nur redundantes Wissen enthält, wenn sie also Information bewirkt, dann muss sie ja per definitionem die Sichtweise des Fragestellers verändern. Damit ändert sich aber auch die Fragestellung selbst: Hypothesen werden erhärtet oder beginnen zu wanken, Vermutungen werden in eine bestimmte Richtung gelenkt, neue Probleme oder Lösungsmöglichkeiten tun sich auf. Die gesamte ursprüngliche Aufgabenstellung kann als richtig oder falsch erkannt werden. Damit werden neue Fragen aktuell, alte obsolet.
Jedes einzelne gefundene Dokument kann also nach seiner Verarbeitung durch einen Informationssuchenden die Fragestellung ändern und damit die Menge der relevanten Dokumente A, ebenso wie die Formulierung der Suchanfrage und damit die Menge der gefundenen Dokumente B. Die Teilmengen A und B können sich während einer Suchanfrage damit ständig verändern. Information Retrieval wird damit zu einem dynamischen Vorgang (Rauch 1994, 15 ff.), ebenso wie der Informationsbegriff sich als zeitabhängig erweist (Rauch 2004, 109 ff.). Dieses Phänomen der 'Informationsdynamik' kennt jeder Studierende, der eine Diplomarbeit schreibt, ein Kunde, der ein Produkt sucht, jeder recherchierende Journalist, ein Urlauber, der eine Reise zusammenstellt, oder ein Unternehmer, der eine Geschäftsidee entwickelt. Der Informationsvorgang ist in diesen Anwendungsfällen eben kein neutraler Prozess, der Realität beschreibt, wie sie ist. Information Retrieval ist vielmehr selbst Teil der Realität, beeinflusst diese und verändert sie. Der Information-Retrieval-Vorgang verändert also zuerst die Weltsicht des Informationssuchenden (das 'interne Außenweltmodell') und damit dessen 'erweitertes Gedächtnis'. Es werden diesem Gedächtnis neue Inhalte hinzugefügt, alte möglicherweise verändert oder gar verworfen, neue Strukturen, Assoziationen, Verbindungen hergestellt. Wenn der Informationssuchende diese neuen Erkenntnisse anderen Menschen mitteilt, dann beginnt sich in einem zweiten Schritt möglicherweise langsam auch das kollektive Gedächtnis der Menschheit zu verändern: Eine Erkenntnis beginnt sich durchzusetzen, ein Gedanke verbreitet sich. Diese Rückkoppelung der eigenen Erkenntnis mit dem kollektiven Gedächtnis der Menschheit war in einer Sprechkultur noch leicht möglich. Das Wissen der Menschheit war in Sagen und Märchen, in Bauernweisheiten und Sinnsprüchen, in Gesängen und Epen, in Schulen und Akademien festgehalten. Das Wissen wurde mündlich weitergegeben und der Vermittler der Information war mit den Zuhörern unmittelbar konfrontiert: Zustimmung oder Ablehnung, Abweichung oder Übereinstimmung mit den Meinungen der Zuhörer wurden sofort wahrgenommen. Das kollektive Gedächtnis der Menschheit konnte daher auf Veränderungen der Welt reagieren, Fehler ausbessern und sich den geänderten Ansichten der Zuhörer anpassen, neue Erkenntnisse rasch übernehmen. Das System konnte damit Inhalte und Strukturen flexibel weiterentwickeln. Allerdings war es in seiner zeitlichen und örtlichen Verbreitung langsam, Änderungen wurden nicht dokumentiert, die Quellen des Wissens waren in der Regel nicht bekannt. Mit seiner Ausbreitung in Zeit und Raum konnte es sich unterschiedlich verändern. ...

Source

Information und Sprache: Beiträge zu Informationswissenschaft, Computerlinguistik, Bibliothekswesen und verwandten Fächern. Festschrift für Harald H. Zimmermann. Herausgegeben von Ilse Harms, Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt und Hans W. Giessen

Theme

Information

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Date

13. 7.2008 19:22:28

Source

Annual review of information science and technology. 40(2006), S.xxx-xxx

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Information

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Abstract

Many definitions of information have been suggested throughout the history of information science. In this essay, the objective has been to provide a definition that is usable for the physical, biological and social meanings of the term, covering the various senses important to our field. Information has been defined as the pattern of organization of matter and energy. Information is everywhere except where there is total entropy. Living beings process, organize and ascribe meaning to information. Some pattern of organization that has been given meaning by a living being has been defined as information 2, while the above definition is information 1, when it is desirable to make the distinction. Knowledge has been defined as information given meaning and integrated with other contents of understanding. Meaning itself is rooted ultimately in biological survival. In the human being, extensive processing space in the brain has made possible the generation of extremely rich cultural and interpersonal meaning, which imbues human interactions. (In the short term, not all meaning that humans ascribe to information is the result of evolutionary processes. Our extensive brain processing space also enables us to hold beliefs for the short term that, over the long term, may actually be harmful to survival.) Data 1 has been defined as that portion of the entire information environment (including internal inputs) that is taken in, or processed, by an organism. Data 2 is that information that is selected or generated and used by human beings for research or other social purposes. This definition of information is not reductive--that is, it does not imply that information is all and only the most microscopic physical manifestation of matter and energy. Information principally exists for organisms at many emergent levels. A human being, for example, can see this account as tiny marks on a piece of paper, as letters of the alphabet, as words of the English language, as a sequence of ideas, as a genre of publication, as a philosophical position and so on. Thus, patterns of organization are not all equal in the life experience of animals. Some types of patterns are more important, some less so. Some parts of patterns are repetitive and can be compressed in mental storage. As mental storage space is generally limited and its maintenance costly to an animal, adaptive advantage accrues to the species that develops efficient storage. As a result, many species process elements of their environment in ways efficient and effective for their particular purposes; that is, as patterns of organization that are experienced as emergent wholes. We see a chair as a chair, not only as a pattern of light and dark. We see a string of actions by a salesperson as bait and switch, not just as a sequence of actions. We understand a series of statements as parts of a whole philosophical argument, not just as a series of sentences. The understanding of information embraced here recognizes and builds on the idea that these emergent wholes are efficient for storage and effective for the life purposes of human beings as successful animals (to date) on our planet. Thus, people experience their lives in terms of these emergent objects and relations, for the most part. Likewise, information is stored in retrieval systems in such a way that it can be represented to human beings in their preferred emergent forms, rather than in the pixels or bits in which the information is actually encoded within the information system.

Content

Auch unter: http://InformationR.net/ir/10-4/paper239.html. - Vgl. Erwiderung: Hjoerland, B.: The controversy over the concept of information: a rejoinder to Professor Bates. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.3, S.643.

Source

Information research. 10(2005) no.4, paper 239

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This entry presents assumptions and presumed effects of the phenomenon of information overload. In addition to offering definitions and characteristics of the concept, the entry places it within the context of major themes of library and information science inquiry. Topics referenced to explain information overload include its relationship to "the information society," information retrieval, information seeking, information poverty, and cognition.

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information sciences. 3rd ed. Ed.: M.J. Bates

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This paper suggests a framework and systematic definitions for 6 words commonly used in dthe field of information science: data, information, knowledge, wisdom, inspiration, and intelligence. We intend these definitions to lead to a quantification of information science, a quantification that will enable their measurement, manipulastion, and prediction.

Date

22. 2.2007 18:56:23
22. 2.2007 19:22:13

Source

Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Conceptions of Library and Information Science (CoLIS4), Seattle, WA, July 21 - 25, 2002. Eds.: Fidel, R., H. Bruce, P. Ingwersen u. P. Vakkari

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Fundamental forms of information, as well as the term information itself, are defined and developed for the purposes of information science/studies. Concepts of natural and represented information (taking an unconventional sense of representation), encoded and embodied information, as well as experienced, enacted, expressed, embedded, recorded, and trace information are elaborated. The utility of these terms for the discipline is illustrated with examples from the study of information-seeking behavior and of information genres. Distinctions between the information and curatorial sciences with respect to their social (and informational) objects of study are briefly outlined.

Content

Vgl. Erwiderung: Hjoerland, B.: The controversy over the concept of information: a rejoinder to Professor Bates. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.3, S.643.

Date

22. 3.2009 18:15:22

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.8, S.1033-1045

Theme

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Date

17. 7.1996 9:33:22
22. 7.2000 19:05:41

Theme

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Date

22. 6.2000 13:33:40

Source

nfd Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 51(2000) H.4, S.233-235

Theme

Information

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Abstract

New challenges arise for researchers and practitioners as we move away from concentration on the technology of searching, and turn our attention to using information for problem solving and creativity in the workplace and daily living. This paper explores links between information behavior, information literacy and the impact of information, drawing on the author's research into the user's perspective of information seeking and use and the model of the Information Search Process (ISP). The ISP model describes thoughts, actions and feelings in six stages of interacting with information to construct meaning. Central to the ISP model is the finding that information commonly increases uncertainty in the early stages of the search process. Increased uncertainty creates a zone of intervention for intermediaries and system designers that support users in their quest for seeking meaning from information. Innovative approaches to interaction between people and information are needed to bridge the divide between information behavior, information literacy and impact of information in order to address issues of the twenty-first century.

Theme

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Date

22. 7.2000 19:05:18

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Information Science (IS) is commonly said to study collection, classification, storage, retrieval, and use of information. However, there is no consensus on what information is. This article examines some of the formal models of information and informational processes, namely, Situation Theory and Shannon's Information Theory, in terms of their suitability for providing a useful framework for studying information in IS. It is argued that formal models of information are concerned with mainly ontological aspects of information, whereas IS, because of its evaluative role with respect to semantic content, needs an epistemological conception of information. It is argued from this perspective that concepts of epistemological/aesthetic/ethical information are plausible, and that information science needs to rise to the challenge of studying many different conceptions of information embedded in different contexts. This goal requires exploration of a wide variety of tools from philosophy and logic.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.10, S.2019-2031

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This report explores the intellectual processes entailed during information seeking, as information needs are generated and information is sought and evaluated for relevance. It focuses an the details of cognitive processing, reviewing a number of models. In particular, Popper's model of the communication process between an individual and new information is explored and elaborated from the perspective of Pask's Conversation Theory. The implications of this theory are discussed in relation to the development of what Cole has termed "enabling" information retrieval systems.

Footnote

Teil eines Themenheftes zu: Information seeking research

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 55(2004) no.9, S.769-782

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Three problems in relation to Luciano Floridi's work on the Philosophy of Information (PI) and the relationship of PI to Library and Information Science (LIS) are considered: the claim that LIS is a materials-based discipline, Floridi's claim about Information as a message transfer system, and his downgrading of Social Epistemology to be a subset of PI. The recent history of LIS and the practice of professional library work are examined for evidence of the basis for making claims about LIS. A view of information based on individual interpretations is preferred to Floridi's account, which is found to be too innocent of LIS practice to be accepted without revision, as is his view of LIS as an applied PI.

Footnote

Artikel in einem Themenheft: The philosophy of information

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This article presents a socio-cognitive perspective in relation to information science (IS) and information retrieval (IR). The differences between traditional cognitive views and the socio-cognitive or domain-analytic view are outlined. It is claimed that, given elementary skills in computer-based retrieval, people are basically interacting with representations of subject literatures in IR. The kind of knowledge needed to interact with representations of subject literatures is discussed. It is shown how different approaches or "paradigms" in the represented literature imply different information needs and relevance criteria (which users typically cannot express very well, which is why IS cannot primarily rely on user studies). These principles are exemplified by comparing behaviorism, cognitivism, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience as approaches in psychology. The relevance criteria implicit in each position are outlined, and empirical data are provided to prove the theoretical claims. It is further shown that the most general level of relevance criteria is implied by epistemological theories. The article concludes that the fundamental problems of IS and IR are based in epistemology, which therefore becomes the most important allied field for IS.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 53(2002) no.4, S.257-270

Theme

Information